VMware Cookbook第二版：基础设施安装与管理指南

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"VMware Cookbook 第二版" 《VMware Cookbook》第二版由Ryan Troy和Matthew Helmke撰写，是一本深入探讨VMware基础设施管理的实用指南。本书覆盖了多个关键领域，旨在帮助读者全面掌握VMware环境的安装、配置、管理和自动化。 1. VMware Infrastructure Installation：这部分内容介绍了如何安装和配置VMware基础架构，包括VMware ESXi和vSphere的安装过程，以及必要的系统设置和更新，确保系统的稳定运行。 2. Storage：这一章节深入讲解了虚拟化存储的使用和管理，如VMware的数据存储策略、虚拟磁盘管理、存储迁移以及数据保护技术，帮助读者理解并优化虚拟机的存储性能。 3. Networking：书中详细阐述了VMware网络环境的构建和管理，涵盖虚拟网络架构、分布式交换机（vDS）、网络I/O控制（NIOC）以及安全网络配置，使读者能有效管理虚拟网络流量和性能。 4. Resource & vCenter Management：这部分涵盖了资源调度、DRS（动态资源调度）、HA（高可用性）以及vCenter Server的管理，提供了一套全面的工具和策略来优化资源分配和故障恢复。 5. Useful Tools and References：作者分享了一系列实用工具和参考资源，帮助用户提升日常运维效率，解决可能出现的问题。 6. General Security：讨论了VMware环境的安全性，包括虚拟化层的加密、访问控制、防火墙配置以及安全策略设定，确保虚拟环境的安全运行。 7. Automating ESXi Installations：这部分介绍如何自动化ESXi的部署，利用脚本和工具实现大规模环境的快速、一致的部署。 8. vCloud Director Overview：讲解了vCloud Director的基本概念和功能，它是一个云服务编排平台，帮助组织构建和管理私有云或混合云。 9. vSphere Storage Appliance：探讨了vSphere存储设备的使用，包括其在数据存储和备份中的角色，以及如何集成和管理这些设备以提高存储效率。这本书通过实例和实践指导，为读者提供了丰富的操作经验，无论你是VMware新手还是经验丰富的管理员，都能从中获得有价值的知识和技巧。书中还包括了错误修正信息和在线资源链接，方便读者随时查阅和更新信息。

CHAPTER 1

VMware Infrastructure Installation

This book aims to be useful for both new and seasoned VMware ESXi users. Because

of the intermediate-to-advanced nature of this cookbook, we will assume from time to

time that you have advanced knowledge and understanding of how the products work.

Before we begin serving the main recipes of our cookbook, we define several terms we

will use throughout the rest of the book, and make sure that you have all the necessary

components installed.

Virtualization provides a way for multiple operating systems to be installed on the same

physical hardware. By using virtual technology, we can consolidate hardware and in-

stantly build production, quality assurance, and test environments. This is a tremen-

dous breakthrough, as it allows underutilized equipment to do more than sit around

idly, and allows developers and administrators to test and use multiple software con-

figurations and packages that require different operating systems on the same piece of

equipment, without having to purchase, set up, and maintain multiple computers. This

savings makes the accounting department and managers happy and gives the technol-

ogy lovers an opportunity to do all the things they want or need to do at the same time.

A typical IT scenario goes something like this: you have lots of servers in your rack or

collection of racks. Most of them run at only about 10%–15% of their capacity the

majority of the time, but you let that happen because you want to keep their various

functions and operating systems isolated from one another. This provides some secu-

rity, both because if one server is compromised it does not necessarily mean that access

has been granted to others, and because a problem with one piece of software will not

cause other parts of your IT infrastructure to go down as you deal with it.

Virtualization helps you make better use of those physical resources, without compro-

mising the original intent of keeping services isolated. Instead of installing your oper-

ating system directly on your hardware, you instead begin with a virtualization layer:

a stripped-down OS designed to schedule access to network, disk, memory, and CPU

resources for guest OSs, the same way that those guest OSs control that scheduling for

their applications. Most virtualization platforms limit themselves to specific hardware

and present a specific set of virtual components to the operating systems installed on

top of them. This provides a very stable and consistent presentation to the operating

systems you install and allows them to be moved much more easily.

Once you’ve installed and configured the virtualization layer, you can partition the

physical hardware and assign it to discrete operating system instances that you install

on top of the virtualization layer. These virtual installations operate exactly as they

would normally. They are not aware of the presence of other virtual installations that

exist on the same hardware. Each acts as if it is installed on a predefined piece of

equipment by itself, with the virtualization layer controlling what the virtual installation

sees and how it interacts with other equipment outside of its control. Basically, the

virtual installation looks, feels, acts, and is administered exactly the same as a standard

installation from the inside, but it may be manipulated and configured easily and

alongside others from the outside.

Here is the coolest part: virtualization, as provided by sophisticated systems like

VMware, also allows you to pool the resources of several physical machines and then

divide them up however you want or need. If you have 10 physical servers, each with

4 processors, 4GB of RAM, and an 80GB hard drive, you can segment those resources

to provide a small and low-powered server for your in-house email, a powerful and

high-memory processor for the number crunchers in accounting, multiple load-

balanced servers for your web server, a separate server for your database, and so on,

each with a configuration of memory, disk space, processor power, and so on, specific

for its needs. Then, if you discover that one virtual server has more resources than it

really needs and another doesn’t have enough, you can change the configuration quick-

ly, easily, and without taking your servers offline! You can take a physical server offline

for maintenance without losing access to any of your virtual servers and their functions.

You can move resources in and out and around your pool as needed, and even auto-

matically. These are the sorts of things we will discuss in this book.

There are many companies that provide powerful and stable virtualization platforms,

but we have found VMware’s offerings to be wonderfully stable, flexible, easy to set

up, maintain, and well supported. We like VMware. If you are reading this book, you

probably do, too, but chances are you want to make better use of its potential than you

are doing now—either that, or you have been asked to set it up or maintain it and

you are wondering how to get started. Whatever your reason, if you use VMware at all,

we hope you will find this book useful and practical.

1.1 What Is VMware Infrastructure 5?

VMware, Inc., is a company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, with over 11,000+

employees and about 300,000 customers, including 100% of the Fortune 100. In 2007,

it had revenues of over $1.33 billion. In 2010, that number was up to $1.4 billion.

VMware is a rapidly growing company that began in 1998 and now has more than

300,000 customers and over 25,000 partnerships with companies ranging from some-

what small to extremely large.

2 | Chapter 1: VMware Infrastructure Installation

VMware vSphere 5 is easily the most widely used virtualization platform today. It is

well tested and has been used in applications ranging from very small, localized instal-

lations with just a handful of servers to exceptionally large server farms in major cor-

porations. It is robust, scalable, easy to administer, and flexible. It is also small and

fast, which means the virtual installations running on top of it have more processor

power and other resources available to them than they would if they were using some

of the more resource-heavy virtualization software available.

Unlike some of the other hosted virtualization products you may be familiar with,

including the company’s well-known VMware server, VMware vSphere 5 does not re-

quire any other operating system. Most virtualization platforms begin with a Linux/

Unix, Mac OS X, or Windows platform; install their product on top of it; and then

begin segmenting the resources from there. This is how a developer may run a copy of

Windows on top of her laptop’s base installation of Linux, perhaps using a product

like VMware server, Xen, or VirtualBox. vSphere is designed to be installed on bare

metal, as the base operating system. This design choice eliminates a layer of software

between the virtual installations and the hardware and results in faster, smoother

performance.

1.2 What Is VMware vSphere 5.0?

In August 2011, VMware launched ESXi 5.0, which now falls under the vSphere 5.0

suite of products. vSphere 5.0 encapsulates both vCenter Server and ESXi 5.0, along

with other products that we don’t discuss in this book. This new release not only brings

incremental improvements, but also takes the virtualization platform to a whole new

level by letting you think in terms of complete installations or deployments instead of

managing your site server by server. It’s worth mentioning that ESXi 5.0 has some really

great features, such as:

• vSphere 5.0, which is now based on the ESXi platform, eliminating the old ESX

platform

• Updated Virtual Machine functionality, including more CPUs, RAM, support for

USB 3.0, and 3D graphics

• Support for OS X, larger file systems, 512 virtual machines per physical host, and

Metro vMotion

For a complete list of new features, please visit:

http://www.vmware.com/support/vsphere5/doc/vsphere-esx-vcenter-server-50-new

-features.html

Here are 10 features we feel are worth highlighting:

Metro vMotion

allows the end user to move a running virtual machine between

two physical locations when certain circumstances allow; there is a minimum of 5

1.2 What Is VMware vSphere 5.0? | 3

ms latency between the two remote ESXi servers. However, the maximum latency

is supported up to 10 ms.

Improved SNMP support

vSphere 5 now allows you to convert CIM indications to SNMP traps. vSphere 5

supports a larger set of vendors and equipment, but we still recommend you check

with your vendor to ensure your vendor supports these features.

VMFS 5 filesystem

VMFS 5 will allow scaling up to 64TB per datastore using one extent. This is a

massive improvement over the VMFS 4 filesystem, which could only scale up to

2TB using one extent.

Storage distributed resource scheduler

Storage distributed resource scheduler (DRS) allows the storage system to take

advantage of resource aggregation, automated placement, and the ability to avoid

bottlenecks. By creating datastore clusters, you can create a load-balanced scenario

that allows the VMDK files to be placed on the storage system with less I/O load.

Enhanced network I/O control

Administrators can now create user-defined network resource pools, giving the

ability to create multitenant environments and the ability to bridge virtual and

physical infrastructures with QoS per resource using 802.1 tagging.

vSphere auto deploy

Administrators with large ESXi installations can simplify their deployments by

creating a set of rules. These rules can be used to upgrade ESXi versions by simply

rebooting the physical server.

Virtual machine hardware improvements

Virtual machines can now scale up to 32 virtual SMP processors and up to 1TB of

RAM. There is also support for 3D graphics, UEFI virtual BIOS, and USB support.

Physical node improvements

Physical hosts can now have up to 2TB of memory, 160 logical CPUs, and 512

virtual machines.

Distributed switch improvements

With the improvements in the vSphere 5 distributed switches, administrators now

have a deeper and more granular view into the virtual machine traffic using Net-

flow. Additional troubleshooting is now available via SPAN and LLDP.

Storage profiles

Allows for streamlining the storage provisioning process and allows for the

VMware administrator to mass scale the storage within the environment.

4 | Chapter 1: VMware Infrastructure Installation

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