开源硬件与COTS组件构建的便携式软件无线电原型

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"这篇文章是关于一个便携式软件无线电原型的设计与开发，它尽可能地使用开源硬件和软件，并利用商业现成（COTS）组件。该设备使用GNU Radio软件进行信号处理，配合小型通用处理器（GPP）上的Ettus Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP)进行空中接口操作。其性能与运行在2GHz Intel Core2 Duo CPU上的相同配置的GNU Radio加USRP相当，但体积更小，重量轻，单次充电可运行约两小时，材料成本约为3700美元。此原型展示了利用开源和COTS组件带来的优势和成本节约，据我们所知，这可能是第一个这样的尝试。" 本文的核心知识点包括： 1. **软件无线电（Software Defined Radio, SDR）**：SDR是一种灵活的无线通信系统，其关键功能由软件而不是硬件实现。传统的无线电系统中，大部分信号处理是在硬件中完成的，而在SDR中，这些处理任务由通用处理器或专门的数字信号处理器执行，通过软件更新可以改变无线电的工作模式和频率范围。 2. **GNU Radio**：这是一个开源软件项目，用于构建软件无线电系统。它提供了用于信号处理的各种模块和工具，使得开发者能够创建定制的无线通信应用，而无需从底层开始编写所有代码。 3. **Ettus USRP**：Ettus Research的Universal Software Radio Peripheral是一款硬件平台，用于实现SDR。它允许用户通过软件定义无线电的射频部分，覆盖广泛的频率范围，适用于研究、教育和商业应用。 4. **开源硬件和软件**：文章提到的原型系统尽可能使用开源解决方案，这降低了开发成本并促进了社区合作。开源意味着设计和源代码对所有人开放，允许自由使用、修改和分享，有助于创新和技术进步。 5. **商业现成（COTS）组件**：COTS是指可以直接在市场上购买的、现成的产品，无需定制或特殊设计。在SDR中使用COTS组件可以降低开发时间和成本，同时提高了系统的可靠性和兼容性。 6. **便携性**：该原型设计考虑到了便携性，体积小巧，重量轻，适合移动使用。这对于现场测试、应急通信或者野外作业等场景非常有利。 7. **能源效率**：单电池充电即可运行约两小时，体现了能源管理方面的优化，这对于移动或远程操作的无线电系统至关重要。 8. **成本效益分析**：尽管原型的材料成本约为3700美元，但相比传统的定制硬件系统，利用开源和COTS组件显著降低了开发和维护成本，而且提供了更高的灵活性。这篇文章揭示了软件无线电技术如何结合开源和商业现成组件实现一个高效、便携且经济实惠的原型系统，同时也展示了其在实际应用中的潜力和优势。

IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2008

INTRODUCTION

This article describes the design and develop-

ment of a portable software radio prototype that

uses as much open source hardware and soft-

ware as possible, and leverages commercial off-

the-shelf (COTS) components. The device is

shown in Fig. 1, and operates using GNU Radio

software [1] for signal processing on a small-

form-factor general-purpose processor (GPP)-

based computer and an Ettus Universal Software

Radio Peripheral (USRP) [2] for the air inter-

face. The prototype offers the same capabilities

as GNU Radio running on an Intel Core 2 Duo

CPU-based computer running at 2 GHz with an

Ettus USRP attached. The device can fit inside a

box of dimensions 29 × 10.5 × 21 cm, weighs just

under seven pounds, and has roughly two hours

of runtime from a single battery charge. The bill

of materials for construction of a single device

using retail components comes to about $3700.

The prototype described here exemplifies the

benefits and cost savings offered by leveraging

open source and COTS components, and to the

best of our knowledge represents the first

portable software radio of its kind.

The functionality of traditional hardware-

based radios is limited to the capabilities pre-

sent in the initial design (e.g., broadcast AM

reception or analog cell phone communica-

tions). Such devices cannot be reconfigured in

any significant capacity (e.g., as an FM radio or

with digital cell phone service). An emerging

architecture generally referred to as software

radio shifts much of the signal processing into

software and reprogrammable hardware,

enabling devices that can be reconfigured after

deployment — including augmenting their func-

tionality. In this article we use the term software

radio to refer to all types of radios that are sub-

stantially defined in software and can signifi-

cantly alter their physical layer behavior through

changes to their software [3].

The concept of a software radio is credited to

Dr. Joseph Mitola III in the early 1990s [4], and

refers to a class of radios that can be repro-

grammed and thus reconfigured via software.

The first working software radio, called

SPEAKeasy [5], was developed for the U.S.

Army between 1992 and1995, but the software

was not portable beyond the hardware for which

it was developed, and the overall system filled up

the entire rear of a transport vehicle. The first

open source software for radios is credited to

Dr. Vanu Bose in his 1999 dissertation at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)[6].

Dr. Bose was a member of the SpectrumWare

project at MIT, which developed the original

Pspectra code described in his dissertation. This

code led to both the Vanu Software Radio [7] —

an industrial product for cellular base stations,

and the first FCC-approved software radio [8] —

as well as the GNU Radio open source project.

Software radio has found uses in amateur

radio, academia, industry, government, and mili-

tary applications. In communications research

laboratories, software radio is being used for

testing and evaluation of multihop and mobile

multimedia broadcast transmissions, wireless

network experimentation and cross-layer proto-

typing, and so-called cognitive radio research

and development. Software radio has also been

used for data acquisition in fields including mag-

ABSTRACT

We summarize the design and development

of a portable software radio prototype built pri-

marily using commercial off-the-shelf compo-

nents and open source software. Our research

group leverages these prototypes for several

funded projects focusing on issues including

interoperable public safety communications, cog-

nitive wireless networks, and educational initia-

tives. The device components include a

general-purpose processor on a small-form-fac-

tor motherboard, radio hardware, touchscreen

and LCD, audio microphone and speaker, and

an internal battery enabling hours of mobile

operation. We describe the selection of hard-

ware and software components, identification

and modification of the operating system, and

development of an application programming

framework that augments the selected radio

software. We discuss trade-offs in the selection

of hardware and software, decisions that proved

to be stable throughout the lifetime of the pro-

ject, issues that arose, and lessons learned along

the way. Significant advances over the past

decade have made GPP-based software radio a

viable solution in many areas, and this work

demonstrates that today’s processors are capable

of enabling a new generation of software radio

in portable form factor devices.

TOPICS IN DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Michael L. Dickens, Brian P. Dunn, and J. Nicholas Laneman, University of Notre Dame

Design and Implementation of a

Portable Software Radio

DUNN LAYOUT 7/21/08 2:44 PM Page 58

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