AVR单片机驱动摄像头接口与功能开发

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本篇文档详细介绍了使用Atmel AVR ATmega16单片机开发的一款CMOS摄像头接口系统的设计与实现，针对的是单片机和ARM开发人员，特别是那些对嵌入式系统和图像处理感兴趣的开发者。作者Inaki Navarro Oiza是瑞典隆德理工大学（LTH）数字项目课程的学生，他的作品是一个原型设计，旨在实现在计算机和摄像头之间建立通信，使用户能够获取图像，调整相机参数如亮度和对比度，并实现图像处理功能，如追踪白色物体并使用伺服电机进行跟踪。在硬件部分，文档涵盖了以下几个关键组件： 1. **Reset and Clock**：着重于确保系统的正确启动和时钟管理，这是所有微控制器系统的基础，用于同步和初始化硬件操作。 2. **JTAG ICE**：集成开发环境接口，用于调试和程序下载，使得软件调试过程更为方便快捷。 3. **LED and Switch**：用于指示系统状态和用户交互，例如电源、命令输入等。 4. **Serial Communications**：采用串行通信方式，如UART，连接摄像头和计算机，以便传输数据，包括图像数据和设置指令。 5. **C3088 Camera**：文档中提到的具体型号的CMOS摄像头，可能具有特定的数据格式和控制协议。 6. **Servo Motor**：配合图像处理功能，实现对目标的精确跟踪，通过伺服电机的精确控制来完成。 7. **Software**：文档还涉及到软件设计，包括串行通信协议的编写以及I2C通信，这些都与硬件紧密集成，共同构建了整个系统。在软件层面，主要关注的是串行通信协议的实现，确保相机数据能够被正确解析和处理；而I2C通信则可能是用于与摄像头内的其他传感器或子系统进行交互，进一步增强系统的功能。整个项目展示了单片机如何在实际应用中作为连接硬件和软件的桥梁，不仅实现了基本的图像采集，还通过图像处理技术实现了更高级的功能。这对于深入理解嵌入式系统的设计与开发，尤其是对于初学者来说，是一个很好的实践案例。同时，它也强调了软件编程在硬件控制中的重要性，尤其是在实时性和资源有限的环境中。

to access to the diﬀerent registers of the camera; and using an 8 bit port to read

the images. In addition the camera will be connected to a TV with its analog

output for debugging purpose. In the next diagram of Figure 1.1 we can see the

main blocks of the design and how information ﬂows.

Figure 1.1: Blocks and information ﬂow.

The proposed tasks for the project are the next:

• Make the AVR ATmega16 and its environment work

• Communicate the AVR ATmega16 with the computer

• Make the camera work and see images in the TV

• Read and write the registers of the camera using the I2C protocol

• Read a line from the camera and send it to the computer

• Read a whole image from the camera and send it to the computer.

• Make a little process of the image inside the AVR and send the result to

the computer (If there is time and it is possible)

Chapter 2

Description of the system

2.1 The C3088 Camera

The C3088 is the camera used in the project and it is the main part of it, that

is the reason that a short explanation is made. It is a color camera module with

digital output. It uses a CMOS image sensor OV6620[4] from Omnivision[5].

It has a digital video port that supplies a continuous 8/16 bit-wide image data

stream. All the camera functions, such as exposure, gamma, gain, white balance,

windowing, can be changed through I2C interface by writing in some registers.

The video output can be expressed in diﬀerent formats, and w ith diﬀerent

type of channels (RGB, UVY). The format used in the project is the simplest

one: Zoom Video Port Format. In this format 8 bits represent the intensity (Y

channel) of one pixel , the other 8 bits represent the U and V channels, but

are not used. The information is sent continuously and is synchronized by the

HREF, VSYNC and PCLK signals as showed in the next graph in Figure 2.1.

The VSYNC signal indicates new frame, the HREF signal indicates when the

information is valid and makes the horizontal synchronization, and PCLK is the

clock signal (the data is valid in the rising edge). The period of PCLK can be

changed by writing in the registers of the camera. This will allow to read images

from the camera directly with the microcontroller without the use of additional

hardware.

The registers accessed by the I2C bus are 80 and as it was said above allow

to change diﬀerent properties of the camera. In this project they are used to

change the period of PCLK, to read the size of the image , to make a mirror

of the image, and to reset the camera. It is important here to make a small

clariﬁcation about the I2C protocol in the camera. The datasheet of the C3088

camera says that the bus used is I2C, but nothing says about the registers and

the addresses that should be used. So it is necessary to read the datasheet of the

OV6620 chip. There you can ﬁnd that the protocol used for the communication

is not I2C, it is SCCB[6]. If you read the speciﬁcations of this protocol you can

see that it is for some modes the same as I2C protocol. The ID address of the

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