一日通晓：C++入门指南

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PART III: Learning the Standard Template Library (STL)

LESSON 16: An Introduction to the Standard Template Library 447

STL Containers..................................................................................................448

Sequential Containers

................................................................................448

Associative Containers

..............................................................................448

Choosing the Right Container

......................................................................449

STL Iterators

....................................................................................................451

STL Algorithms

................................................................................................452

The Interaction Between Containers and Algorithms Using Iterators

............................453

Summary

..........................................................................................................455

Q&A

................................................................................................................455

Workshop

........................................................................................................456

LESSON 17: The STL string Class 457

The Need for String Manipulation Classes ..............................................................458

Working with the STL

string Class......................................................................459

Instantiating the STL

string and Making Copies ..........................................459

Accessing a

string and Its Contents ............................................................461

String Concatenation

..................................................................................463

Finding a Character or Substring in a

string ................................................464

Truncating an STL

string..........................................................................467

String Reversal

........................................................................................468

String Case Conversion

..............................................................................469

Template-Based Implementation of an STL

string..................................................471

Summary

..........................................................................................................471

Q&A

................................................................................................................471

Workshop

........................................................................................................472

LESSON 18: STL Dynamic Array Classes 473

The Characteristics of std::vector ......................................................................474

Typical Vector Operations

....................................................................................474

Instantiating a

vector ................................................................................474

Inserting Elements in a

vector ....................................................................476

Accessing Elements in a

vector ..................................................................480

Removing Elements from a

vector ..............................................................482

Understanding

size() and capacity() ................................................................484

Contents

The STL deque Class..........................................................................................486

Summary

..........................................................................................................488

Q&A

................................................................................................................488

Workshop

........................................................................................................489

LESSON 19: STL list 491

The Characteristics of a std::list ......................................................................492

Basic

list Operations ........................................................................................492

Instantiating a

std::list Object ................................................................492

Inserting Elements at the Front of the

list ....................................................493

Inserting Elements at the Back of the

list ....................................................494

Inserting at the Middle of the

list ..............................................................495

Erasing Elements in a

list ........................................................................497

Reversing and Sorting Elements in a

list ..............................................................500

Reversing Elements

..................................................................................500

Sorting Elements

......................................................................................502

Summary

..........................................................................................................511

Q&A

................................................................................................................511

Workshop

........................................................................................................512

LESSON 20: STL set and multiset 513

An Introduction ................................................................................................514

Basic STL

set and multiset Operations ..............................................................514

Instantiating a

std::set Object ..................................................................514

Inserting Elements in an STL

set or multiset ..............................................515

Finding Elements in an STL

set or multiset ................................................517

Erasing Elements in an STL

set or multiset ................................................519

Pros and Cons of Using STL

set and multiset ......................................................529

Summary

..........................................................................................................529

Q&A

................................................................................................................530

Workshop

........................................................................................................530

LESSON 21: STL map and multimap 533

A Brief Introduction ..........................................................................................534

Basic STL

map and multimap Operations ..............................................................534

Instantiating a

std::map Object ..................................................................534

Inserting Elements in an STL

map or multimap ..............................................535

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Sams Teach Yourself C++ in One Hour a Day

Finding Elements in an STL map or multimap ................................................538

Erasing Elements from an STL

map or multimap ............................................540

Supplying a Custom Sort Predicate

........................................................................543

Summary

..........................................................................................................547

Q&A

................................................................................................................547

Workshop

........................................................................................................548

PART IV: More STL

LESSON 22: Understanding Function Objects 553

The Concept of Function Objects and Predicates......................................................554

Typical Applications of Function Objects

................................................................554

Unary Functions

........................................................................................554

Unary Predicate

........................................................................................559

Binary Functions

......................................................................................561

Binary Predicate

........................................................................................563

Summary

..........................................................................................................566

Q&A

................................................................................................................566

Workshop

........................................................................................................567

LESSON 23: STL Algorithms 569

What Are STL Algorithms?..................................................................................570

Classification of STL Algorithms

..........................................................................570

Nonmutating Algorithms

............................................................................570

Mutating Algorithms

..................................................................................571

Usage of STL Algorithms

....................................................................................573

Counting and Finding Elements

..................................................................573

Searching for an Element or a Range in a Collection

........................................576

Initializing Elements in a Container to a Specific Value

....................................578

Processing Elements in a Range Using

for_each............................................581

Performing Transformations on a Range Using

std::transform ......................583

Copy and Remove Operations

......................................................................585

Replacing Values and Replacing Element Given a Condition

............................589

Sorting and Searching in a Sorted Collection, and Erasing Duplicates

................591

Partitioning a Range

..................................................................................593

Inserting Elements in a Sorted Collection

......................................................595

Summary

..........................................................................................................598

Contents

xvii

Q&A................................................................................................................598

Workshop

........................................................................................................599

LESSON 24: Adaptive Containers: stack and queue 601

The Behavioral Characteristics of Stacks and Queues................................................602

Stacks

....................................................................................................602

Queues

....................................................................................................602

Using the STL

stack Class..................................................................................603

Instantiating the Stack

................................................................................603

Stack Member Functions

............................................................................604

Using the STL

queue Class..................................................................................606

Instantiating the Queue

..............................................................................606

Member Functions of a

queue ....................................................................607

Using the STL Priority Queue

..............................................................................610

Instantiating the

priority_queue Class ........................................................610

Member Functions of

priority_queue ........................................................611

Summary

..........................................................................................................615

Q&A

................................................................................................................615

Workshop

........................................................................................................615

LESSON 25: Working with Bit Flags Using STL 617

The bitset Class ..............................................................................................618

Instantiating the

std::bitset ....................................................................618

Using

std::bitset and Its Members ....................................................................619

std:bitset Operators ..............................................................................619

std::bitset Member Methods ..................................................................620

The

vector<bool> ............................................................................................623

Instantiating a

vector<bool> ......................................................................623

Using the

vector<bool> ............................................................................624

Summary

..........................................................................................................625

Q&A

................................................................................................................625

Workshop

........................................................................................................626

xviii

Sams Teach Yourself C++ in One Hour a Day

PART V: Advanced C++ Concepts

LESSON 26: Understanding Smart Pointers 629

What Are Smart Pointers? ....................................................................................630

What Is the Problem with Using Conventional (Raw) Pointers?

........................630

How Do Smart Pointers Help?

....................................................................630

How Are Smart Pointers Implemented?

..................................................................631

Types of Smart Pointers

......................................................................................632

Deep Copy

..............................................................................................633

Copy on Write Mechanism

..........................................................................635

Reference Counted Smart Pointers

................................................................635

Reference-Linked Smart Pointers

................................................................636

Destructive Copy

......................................................................................636

Using the

std::auto_ptr ..................................................................................638

Popular Smart Pointer Libraries

............................................................................640

Summary

..........................................................................................................640

Q&A

................................................................................................................641

Workshop

........................................................................................................641

LESSON 27: Working with Streams 643

Overview of Streams ..........................................................................................644

Encapsulation of Data Flow

........................................................................644

Understanding Buffering

............................................................................645

Streams and Buffers

............................................................................................647

Standard I/O Objects

..........................................................................................647

Redirection of the Standard Streams

......................................................................648

Input Using

cin ................................................................................................649

Inputting Strings

......................................................................................651

String Problems

........................................................................................651

The

cin Return Value ................................................................................654

Other Member Functions of

cin ..........................................................................654

Single Character Input

................................................................................655

Getting Strings from Standard Input

..............................................................657

Using

cin.ignore() ................................................................................660

Peeking At and Returning Characters:

peek() and putback() ..........................662

Contents

xix

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