ELF-EMF环境影响：表观遗传与疾病诱变的新视角

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本文是一篇发表在《生物电磁学》(Bioelectromagnetics)杂志上的综述文章，标题为"环境调节基因表达对人类健康的影响：ELF-EMF诱导的表观遗传与疾病诱变机制的潜在作用"，由James E. Trosko撰写。文章发表于2000年，探讨了极低频电磁场(ELF-EMF)对人类健康的潜在影响，特别是在表观遗传层面的作用。环境因素如ELF-EMF被认为可能通过多种机制影响多细胞生物体内的基因表达。传统的环境诱发疾病理论通常关注细胞毒性和基因/染色体突变，即细胞杀伤和基因突变。然而，该论文强调，除了这些传统机制外，环境影响还可能涉及基因表达的转录调控（转录开启或关闭）、翻译过程中的稳定性变化以及翻译后修饰，如改变基因产物或蛋白质水平。这种被称为“表观遗传”的机制对于理解疾病的发生同样重要。表观遗传是指基因功能状态的改变，而不改变DNA序列本身。它包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA等影响基因活性的方式。ELF-EMF暴露可能通过干扰这些表观遗传标记，间接地影响基因表达，从而引发一系列的生理或病理反应。这些效应可能体现在急性或慢性疾病的发展过程中，尽管具体的生物机制还有待深入研究。文章的作者呼吁，为了评估ELF-EMF的健康风险，我们需要更全面地理解环境因素如何通过这些非遗传性途径影响细胞。这不仅涉及实验研究，也包括流行病学证据的整合，以确定长期暴露于ELF-EMF是否会导致生物学后果和健康问题。这篇综述为理解ELF-EMF对人体健康的影响提供了新的视角，特别是它如何通过表观遗传机制引发疾病，这对环境健康管理、政策制定以及未来的研究方向具有重要意义。

Bioelectromagnetics 21:402^406 (2000)

Review

Human Health Consequences of

Envir o nme nta ll y-M odul ated Gene Expression:

Potential Roles of ELF^EMFInduced Epigenetic

Versus Mutagenic Mechanisms of Disease

James E. Trosko*

Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State Universit y,

East Lansing , MI

In order to determine if there might be biological and health consequences after exposures to

extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF±EMF), either experimentally or epidemio-

logically, mechanistic understanding of the potential means by which any environmental agent can

affect cells in a multicellular organism has to be reviewed. The goal of this limited review is to

demonstrate that, while the prevailing paradigm of the environmentally-induced acute and chronic

diseases involves either cell killing (cytotoxicity) or gene/chromosome mutations (genotoxicity),

alteration of the expression of genetic information at the transcriptional (turning genes ``on'' or

``off''), translational (stabilizing or de-stabilizing the genetic message), or posttranslational

(altering the gene product or protein) levels has the potential to contribute to various diseases. This

latter mechanism, ``epigenetic'' toxicity, unlike the former two which are irreversible, is charac-

terized by threshold-like action, multiple biochemical pathways and chronic, regular exposures to

be effective. Ultimately, epigenetic toxicants affect one of four potential cell states, namely

alteration of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) or adaptive

responses of differentiated cells. Bioelectromagnetics 21:402±406, 2000.

ß 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Key words: EMF; epigenetic effects; cell-cell communication

INTRODUCTION: BEYOND REDUCTIONALISM;

HUMAN BEINGS ARE MORE THAN THREE

BILLION BASE PAIRS

To date, concerns about the potential health

effects of exposures to extremely-low frequency

electromagnetic ®elds (ELF±EMF) have focused on

damage to DNA (the genetic material) and mutations

leading to diseases such as cancer. Both inherited

mutations and induced somatic mutations (mutations

are irreversible alterations in the genetic information of

our cells; there are approximately 80,000 such pieces

of information in each of 10  10

cells of our bodies)

can contribute to cancers. Most research has been

designed to test genotoxicity. The paradigm that

cancers are ``caused'' by agents that damage DNA

and induce mutations has blinded us to other potential

mechanisms by which biological and health effects

could be induced by ELF±EMF.

Human beings are not only the result of 80,000 or

so genes, but also of the delicate orchestration of

speci®c genes that are expressed after the fertilization

of the single cell (egg) by the sperm, homeostatic

interaction of the dividing, differentiating, apoptosing,

and adaptively responding differentiated cells during

embryogenesis, development, adolescence, matura-

tion, and aging. Normal development and health of

any multicellular organism, such as the human being,

is dependent on this homeostatic regulation via three

major forms of communication within and between

cells of the body (extra-, intra-, and intercellular

communication) (Figure 1).

Moreover, our 10  10

cells are not just

disorganized, independent cells swimming around

within the skin of our body as if they were a bunch

ß 2000 Wiley-Liss,Inc.

ÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Contract grant sponsor: Electric Power Research Institute;

Contract grant number: EPRI WO8021-19.

Review Paper Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the

Bioelectromagnetic Society, June 24, 1999.

*Correspondence to: James E. Trosko, Dept. of Pediatrics and

Human Development, 246 National Food Safety and Toxicology

Center, East Lansing, MI 48824. E-mail: trosko@pilot.msu.edu

Received for review 27 August 1999; Final revision received

25 October 1999

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