现代模拟滤波器分析与设计实践指南

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"《Modern Analog Filter Analysis & Design A Practical Approach》是Rabin Raut和M.N.S. Swamy合著的一本关于模拟滤波器分析与设计的专业书籍，旨在提供一种实用的方法来理解和设计现代模拟滤波器。该书可能包含了与信号处理相关的深入理论和实践知识，适合电气工程和计算机工程领域的专业人士或学生阅读。作者来自加拿大康考迪亚大学的电子与计算机工程系。" 在信号处理领域，模拟滤波器是至关重要的组成部分，它们用于在各种信号（如音频、视频或通信信号）中进行频率选择性操作，如消除噪声、提取特定频带信息或整形信号。这本书可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **滤波器基本概念**：介绍滤波器的基本类型，包括低通、高通、带通和带阻滤波器，以及它们在信号处理中的应用。 2. **滤波器设计方法**：详细讲解滤波器设计的技术，如巴特沃兹滤波器、切比雪夫滤波器、椭圆滤波器和 Butterworth 滤波器的设计原理和步骤。 3. **频率响应和频率选择性**：解释如何通过频率响应曲线来分析滤波器性能，包括截止频率、带宽、通带增益和阻带衰减等特性。 4. **滤波器拓扑结构**：探讨不同滤波器结构，如电容-电阻网络、电感-电阻网络和运算放大器为基础的有源滤波器。 5. **滤波器稳定性**：讨论滤波器的稳定性问题，包括幅值稳定性和相位稳定性，以及如何通过调整参数来确保滤波器的稳定运行。 6. **滤波器实现**：介绍滤波器的硬件实现，包括分立元件电路、集成电路和微电子技术的应用。 7. **信号转换和采样**：讨论模拟到数字信号的转换过程，以及采样定理在滤波器设计中的作用。 8. **滤波器优化**：讲解如何在满足特定性能指标下优化滤波器设计，如最小化失真、提高信噪比等。 9. **实例分析和实验**：书中可能包含了实际滤波器设计案例，以及实验指导，帮助读者将理论知识应用于实践。 10. **数学工具**：使用必要的数学工具，如复数、拉普拉斯变换和傅里叶分析，来解析滤波器的行为。《Modern Analog Filter Analysis & Design A Practical Approach》这本书将为读者提供一个全面且实用的框架，以便于理解和设计现代模拟滤波器系统，进一步提升在信号处理领域的专业技能。

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Abbreviations

AP all-pass

BDI backward digital integrator

BJT bipolar junction transistor

BLI bilinear integrator

BLT bilinear transformation

BP band-pass

BR band-reject

BS band-stop

BT Bessel-Thomson

CA current ampliﬁer

CC current conveyor

CCCII+ controlled CCII+

CCCS current controlled current source

CCE charge conservation equation

CCII current-conveyor type 2

CCII− negative CCII

CCII+ positive CCII

CCVS current controlled voltage source

CDA composite delay and add

CDTA current differencing TCA

CHEB Chebyshev

CM current mode

CMOS complementary MOS

CMRR common-mode rejection ratio

CNIC current-inversion type NIC

COA current operational ampliﬁer

CTF current transfer function

DA-1 delay and add type 1

DA-2 delay and add type 2

dB deci-bel

DC direct current

DDCCII dual differential CCII

DIOTA differential-input OTA

Modern Analog Filter Analysis and Design: A Practical Approach. Rabin Raut and M. N. S. Swamy

 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

ISBN: 978-3-527-40766-8

Introduction

Electrical ﬁlters permeate modern electronic systems so much that it is imperative

for an electronic circuit or system designer to have at least some basic under-

standing of these ﬁlters. The electronic systems that employ ﬁltering process are

varied, such as communications, radar, consumer electronics, military, medical

instrumentation, and space exploration. An electrical ﬁlter is a network that trans-

forms an electrical signal applied to its input such that the signal at the output

has speciﬁed characteristics, which may be stated in the frequency or the time

domain, depending upon the application. Thus, in some cases the ﬁlter exhibits a

frequency-selective property, such as passing some frequency components in the

input signal, while rejecting (stopping) signals at other frequencies.

The developments of ﬁlters started around 1915 with the advent of the electric

wave ﬁlter by Campbell and Wagner, in connection with telephone communication.

The early design advanced by Campbell, Zobel, and others made use of passive

lumped elements, namely, resistors, inductors, and capacitors, and was based on

image parameters (see for example, Ruston and Bordogna, 1971). This is known

as the classical ﬁlter theory and it yields reasonably good ﬁlters without very

sophisticated mathematical techniques.

Modern ﬁlter theory owes its origin to Cauer, Darlington, and others, and the

development of the theory started in the 1930s. Major advancements in ﬁlter theory

took place in the 1930s and 1940s. However, the ﬁlters were still passive structures

using R, L,andC elements. One of the most important applications of passive

ﬁlters has been in the design of channel bank ﬁlters in frequency division multiplex

telephone systems.

Introduction of silicon integrated circuit (IC) technology together with the

development of operational ampliﬁers (OAs) shifted the focus of ﬁlter designers in

the 1960s to realize inductorless ﬁlters for low-frequency (voice band 300–3400 Hz)

applications. Thus ensued the era of active-RC ﬁlters, with OA being the active

element. With computer-controlled laser trimming, the values of the resistances

in thick and thin ﬁlm technologies could be controlled accurately and this led to

widespread use of such low-frequency (up to about 4 kHz) active-RC ﬁlters in the

pulse code modulation (PCM) system in telephonic communication.

Owing to the difﬁculty in fabricating large-valued resistors in the same

process as the OA, low-frequency ﬁlters could not be built as monolithic

devices. However, the observation that certain conﬁgurations of capacitors and

Modern Analog Filter Analysis and Design: A Practical Approach. Rabin Raut and M. N. S. Swamy

 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

ISBN: 978-3-527-40766-8

2 1Introduction

periodically operated switches could function approximately as resistors led to

the introduction of completely monolithic low-frequency ﬁlters. The advent of

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors facilitated this

alternative with monolithic capacitors, CMOS OAs, and CMOS transistor switches.

The switched-capacitor (SC) ﬁlters were soon recognized as being in the class of

sampled-data ﬁlters, since the switching introduced sampling of the signals. In

contrast, the active-RC ﬁlters are in the category of continuous-time ﬁlters, since

the signal processed could theoretically take on any possible value at a given time.

In the SC technique, signal voltages sampled and held on capacitors are processed

via voltage ampliﬁers and integrators. Following the SC ﬁlters, researchers

soon invented the complementary technique where current signals sampled

and transferred on to parasitic capacitances at the terminals of metal-oxide

semiconductor (MOS) transistors could be processed further via current mirrors

and dynamic memory storage (to produce the effect of integration). This led to

switched-current (SI) ﬁltering techniques, which have become popular in all-digital

CMOS technology, where no capacitors are needed for the ﬁltering process.

In recent times, several microelectronic technologies (such as Bipolar, CMOS,

and BiCMOS), ﬁlter architectures, and design techniques have emerged leading

to high-quality fully integrated active ﬁlters. Moreover, sophisticated digital and

analog functions (including ﬁltering) can coexist on the same very large-scale

integrated (VLSI) circuit chip. An example of the existence of several integrated

active ﬁlters in a VLSI chip is illustrated in Figure 1.1. This depicts the ﬂoor plan

of a typical PCM codec chip (Laker and Sansen, 1994).

Together with the progress in semiconductor technology, new types of semi-

conductor ampliﬁers, such as the operational transconductance ampliﬁer (OTA),

Subscriber A

Subscriber B

Hybrid

transformer

Hybrid

transformer

Active-RC

filter

Active-RC

filter

Switched

capacitor filter

Switched

capacitor filter

A/D

D/A

Transmit subsystem

Receive subsystem

PCM Codec

Digital PCM pipe line

Data stream 00110 1001

Figure 1.1 A typical VLSI analog/digital system ﬂoor plan.

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