gnuplot4.7完全指南：交互式绘图程序

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"gnuplot4.7 AnInteractivePlottingProgram" gnuplot是一款强大的命令行图形绘制工具，由Thomas Williams和Colin Kelley等人开发，并由众多贡献者持续更新和维护。这个版本是4.7版，组织者包括Hans-Bernhard Bröker、Ethan A. Merritt等。gnuplot不仅适用于个人使用，还广泛应用于教学和科学研究领域，因为它支持多种操作系统，如Windows、Linux和Mac OS X，并能生成高质量的2D和3D图形。 gnuplot的主要特点和功能包括： 1. **交互式操作**：用户可以通过命令行输入指令来创建、修改和查看图形，这种实时反馈使得数据可视化变得简单快捷。 2. **多平台支持**：gnuplot可以在多种操作系统上运行，确保了跨平台的兼容性。 3. **多种输出格式**：gnuplot可以生成各种图像格式，如PNG、JPEG、PDF、SVG等，满足不同需求。 4. **2D和3D绘图**：支持线图、散点图、条形图、曲面图等多种类型的2D和3D图形。 5. **脚本编写**：用户可以编写gnuplot脚本来自动化绘图过程，方便重复使用和分享。 6. **数据处理**：gnuplot提供了对数据的处理能力，例如数据排序、过滤和计算。 7. **自定义**：允许用户自定义图形的各个方面，如颜色、线型、字体、坐标轴样式等。 8. **社区支持**：有活跃的邮件列表（gnuplot-info和gnuplot-bugs）供用户提问和报告问题，以及一个官方的SourceForge项目页面提供最新信息和下载链接。在学习gnuplot时，用户可以从以下几个方面入手： 1. **基础概念**：了解gnupplot的基本结构和工作流程，熟悉命令行环境。 2. **基本命令**：掌握设置图形属性、加载数据文件、绘制曲线等基本绘图命令。 3. **数据输入**：学习如何导入和处理数据文件，理解 gnuplot 对数据格式的要求。 4. **图形类型**：逐个学习gnuplot支持的各种图形类型，了解每种类型的适用场景。 5. **高级特性**：探索 gnuplot 的高级功能，如函数拟合、动画制作和3D图形。 6. **脚本编程**：编写gnuplot脚本，提高工作效率，实现批处理绘图。 7. **错误排查**：了解如何通过邮件列表或在线资源寻求帮助，解决使用过程中遇到的问题。 gnuplot的文档和教程通常会涵盖这些主题，帮助用户从入门到精通。通过阅读手册和实践操作，用户可以逐渐掌握gnuplot的强大功能，为数据分析和可视化提供有力的工具。

16 gnuplot 4.7

Part I

Gnuplot

Permission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose with or without

fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that

Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to distribute the complete modiﬁed source

code. Modiﬁcations are to be distributed as patches to the released version. Permission to distribute binaries

produced by compiling modiﬁed sources is granted, provided you

1. distribute the corresponding source modifications from the

released version in the form of a patch file along with the binaries,

2. add special version identification to distinguish your version

in addition to the base release version number,

3. provide your name and address as the primary contact for the

support of your modified version, and

4. retain our contact information in regard to use of the base

software.

Permission to distribute the released version of the source code along with corresponding source modiﬁcations

in the form of a patch ﬁle is granted with same provisions 2 through 4 for binary distributions.

This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty to the extent permitted by applicable

law.

AUTHORS

Original Software:

Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley.

Gnuplot 2.0 additions:

Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell.

Gnuplot 3.0 additions:

Gershon Elber and many others.

Gnuplot 4.0 additions:

See list of contributors at head of this document.

Introduction

Gnuplot is a portable command-line driven graphing utility for Linux, OS/2, MS Windows, OSX, VMS,

and many other platforms. The source code is copyrighted but freely distributed (i.e., you don’t have to

pay for it). It was originally created to allow scientists and students to visualize mathematical functions and

data interactively, but has grown to support many non-interactive uses such as web scripting. It is also used

as a plotting engine by third-party applications like Octave. Gnuplot has been supported and under active

development since 1986.

Gnuplot supports many types of plots in either 2D and 3D. It can draw using lines, points, boxes, contours,

vector ﬁelds, surfaces, and various associated text. It also supports various specialized plot types.

Gnuplot supports many diﬀerent types of output: interactive screen terminals (with mouse and hotkey

input), direct output to pen plotters or modern printers, and output to many ﬁle formats (eps, emf, ﬁg, jpeg,

gnuplot 4.7 17

LaTeX, pdf, png, postscript, ...). Gnuplot is easily extensible to include new output modes. Recent additions

include interactive terminals based on wxWidgets (usable on multiple platforms), and Qt. Mouseable plots

embedded in web pages can be generated using the svg or HTML5 canvas terminal drivers.

The command language of gnuplot is case sensitive, i.e. commands and function names written in lowercase

are not the same as those written in capitals. All command names may be abbreviated as long as the

abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number of commands may appear on a line, separated by semicolons

(;). Strings may be set oﬀ by either single or double quotes, although there are some subtle diﬀerences. See

syntax (p. 39) and quotes (p. 40) for more details. Examples:

load "filename"

cd ’dir’

Commands may extend over several input lines by ending each line but the last with a backslash (\). The

backslash must be the last character on each line. The eﬀect is as if the backslash and newline were not there.

That is, no white space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore, commenting out a continued line

comments out the entire command (see comments (p. 20)). But note that if an error occurs somewhere

on a multi-line command, the parser may not be able to locate precisely where the error is and in that case

will not necessarily point to the correct line.

In this document, curly braces ({}) denote optional arguments and a vertical bar (|) separates mutually

exclusive choices. Gnuplot keywords or help topics are indicated by backquotes or boldface (where

available). Angle brackets (<>) are used to mark replaceable tokens. In many cases, a default value of the

token will be taken for optional arguments if the token is omitted, but these cases are not always denoted

with braces around the angle brackets.

For built-in help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic or help ? to get a menu of

available topics.

The new gnuplot user should begin by reading about plotting (if in an interactive session, type help

plotting).

See the simple.dem demo, also available together with other demos on the web page

http://www.gnuplot.info/demo/

Gnuplot can be started from a command line or from an icon according to the desktop environment.

Running it from command line can take the syntax

gnuplot {OPTIONS} file1 file2 ...

where ﬁle1, ﬁle2, etc. are input ﬁle as in the load command. On X11-based systems, you can use

gnuplot {X11OPTIONS} {OPTIONS} file1 file2 ...

see your X11 documentation and x11 (p. 225) in this document.

Options interpreted by gnuplot may come anywhere on the line. Files are executed in the order speciﬁed, as

are commands supplied by the -e option, for example

gnuplot file1.in -e "reset" file2.in

The special ﬁlename "-" is used to force reading from stdin. Gnuplot exits after the last ﬁle is processed. If

no load ﬁles are named, Gnuplot takes interactive input from stdin. See help batch/interactive (p. 19)

for more details. The options speciﬁc to gnuplot can be listed by typing

gnuplot --help

See command line options (p. 19) for more details.

In sessions with an interactive plot window you can hit ’h’ anywhere on the plot for help about hotkeys and

mousing features. Section seeking-assistance will help you to ﬁnd further information, help and FAQ.

Seeking-assistance

The canonical gnuplot web page can be found at

18 gnuplot 4.7

http://www.gnuplot.info

Before seeking help, please check ﬁle FAQ.pdf or the above website for

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) list.

If you need help as a gnuplot user, please use the newsgroup

comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot

We prefer that you read the messages through the newsgroup rather than subscribing to the mailing list

which is also available and carries the same set of messages. Instructions for subscribing to gnuplot mailing

lists may be found via the gnuplot development website on SourceForge

http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuplot

The address for mailing to list members is:

gnuplot-info@lists.sourceforge.net

Bug reports and code contributions should be uploaded to the trackers at

http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuplot/support

Please check previous bug reports if the bug you want to report has not been already ﬁxed in a newer version

of gnuplot.

A mailing list for those interested in development version of gnuplot is:

gnuplot-beta@lists.sourceforge.net

When posting a question, please include full details of the gnuplot version, the terminal type, and the

operating system you are using. A small script demonstrating the problem may be useful. Function plots

are preferable to dataﬁle plots.

New features

This section lists major additions and changes since version 4.6. For a more exhaustive list, see the NEWS

ﬁle.

* New coordinate system (Degrees, Minutes, Seconds). See set xdata geographic (p. 157).

* Command scripts may contain in-line data that is loaded into a named

data block for repeated plotting. See ‘inline data‘.

* New support for 32-bit Alpha channel + RGB colors #AARRGGBB. See colorspec (p. 32).

* Changed handling of NaN or other unexpected input data. See missing (p. 105).

Deprecated syntax

Gnuplot version 4 deprecated certain syntax used in earlier versions but provided a conﬁguration option that

allowed backward compatability. Support for the old syntax has now been removed.

Deprecated:

set title "Old" 0,-1

set data linespoints

plot 1 2 4 # horizontal line at y=1

New:

TITLE = "New"

set title TITLE offset char 0, char -1

set style data linespoints

plot 1 linetype 2 pointtype 4

gnuplot 4.7 19

Batch/Interactive Operation

Gnuplot may be executed in either batch or interactive modes, and the two may even be mixed together

on many systems.

Any command-line arguments are assumed to be either program options (ﬁrst character is -) or names of

ﬁles containing gnuplot commands. The option -e "command" may be used to force execution of a gnuplot

command. Each ﬁle or command string will be executed in the order speciﬁed. The special ﬁlename "-" is

indicates that commands are to be read from stdin. Gnuplot exits after the last ﬁle is processed. If no load

ﬁles and no command strings are speciﬁed, gnuplot accepts interactive input from stdin.

Both the exit and quit commands terminate the current command ﬁle and load the next one, until all have

been processed.

Examples:

To launch an interactive session:

gnuplot

To launch a batch session using two command ﬁles "input1" and "input2":

gnuplot input1 input2

To launch an interactive session after an initialization ﬁle "header" and followed by another command ﬁle

"trailer":

gnuplot header - trailer

To give gnuplot commands directly in the command line, using the "-persist" option so that the plot remains

on the screen afterwards:

gnuplot -persist -e "set title ’Sine curve’; plot sin(x)"

To set user-deﬁned variables a and s prior to executing commands from a ﬁle:

gnuplot -e "a=2; s=’file.png’" input.gpl

Canvas size

In earlier versions of gnuplot, some terminal types used the values from set size to control also the size of

the output canvas; others did not. The use of ’set size’ for this purpose was deprecated in version 4.2. Since

version 4.4 almost all terminals now behave as follows:

set term <terminal type> size <XX>, <YY> controls the size of the output ﬁle, or "canvas". By

default, the plot will ﬁll this canvas.

set size <XX>, <YY> scales the plot itself relative to the size of the canvas. Scale values less than 1 will

cause the plot to not ﬁll the entire canvas. Scale values larger than 1 will cause only a portion of the plot

to ﬁt on the canvas. Please be aware that setting scale values larger than 1 may cause problems on some

terminal types.

The major exception to this convention is the PostScript driver, which by default continues to act as it has

in earlier versions. Be warned that the next version of gnuplot may change the default behaviour of the

PostScript driver as well.

Example:

set size 0.5, 0.5

set term png size 600, 400

set output "figure.png"

plot "data" with lines

These commands will produce an output ﬁle "ﬁgure.png" that is 600 pixels wide and 400 pixels tall. The

plot will ﬁll the lower left quarter of this canvas. This is consistent with the way multiplot mode has always

worked.

20 gnuplot 4.7

Command-line-editing

Command-line editing and command history are supported using either an external gnu readline library,

an external BSD libedit library, or a built-in equivalent. This choice is a conﬁguration option at the time

gnuplot is built.

The editing commands of the built-in version are given below. Please note that the action of the DEL key

is system-dependent. The gnu readline and BSD libedit libraries have their own documentation.

Command-line Editing Commands

Character Function

Line Editing

^B move back a single character.

^F move forward a single character.

^A move to the beginning of the line.

^E move to the end of the line.

^H delete the previous character.

DEL delete the current character.

^D delete current character. EOF if line is empty.

^K delete from current position to the end of line.

^L, ^R redraw line in case it gets trashed.

^U delete the entire line.

^W delete previous word.

History

^P move back through history.

^N move forward through history.

Comments

Comments are supported as follows: a # may appear in most places in a line and gnuplot will ignore the

rest of the line. It will not have this eﬀect inside quotes, inside numbers (including complex numbers), inside

command substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to work.

See also set dataﬁle commentschars (p. 106) for specifying comment characters in data ﬁles. Note that

if a comment line ends in ’\’ then the subsequent line is also treated as a comment.

Coordinates

The commands set arrow, set key, set label and set object allow you to draw something at an arbitrary

position on the graph. This position is speciﬁed by the syntax:

{<system>} <x>, {<system>} <y> {,{<system>} <z>}

Each <system> can either be ﬁrst, second, graph, screen, or character.

ﬁrst places the x, y, or z coordinate in the system deﬁned by the left and bottom axes; second places it

in the system deﬁned by the x2,y2 axes (top and right); graph speciﬁes the area within the axes — 0,0

is bottom left and 1,1 is top right (for splot, 0,0,0 is bottom left of plotting area; use negative z to get to

the base — see set xyplane (p. 163)); screen speciﬁes the screen area (the entire area — not just the

portion selected by set size), with 0,0 at bottom left and 1,1 at top right; and character gives the position

in character widths and heights from the bottom left of the screen area (screen 0,0), character coordinates

depend on the chosen font size.

If the coordinate system for x is not speciﬁed, ﬁrst is used. If the system for y is not speciﬁed, the one used

for x is adopted.

In some cases, the given coordinate is not an absolute position but a relative value (e.g., the second position

in set arrow ... rto). In most cases, the given value serves as diﬀerence to the ﬁrst position. If the given

coordinate belongs to a log-scaled axis, a relative value is interpreted as multiplier. For example,

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