全球六百种毛虫图鉴：生命尺寸指南

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"The Book of Caterpillars - A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World" 是一本关于蝴蝶和蛾类幼虫的详细指南，由David G. James编辑，并有多个专家贡献者参与编写。这本书包含全球各地600种不同种类的毛虫的详细信息，提供了一个全面的参考资源。本书旨在为昆虫爱好者、生物学家、环保人士以及教育工作者提供详实的资料。通过生活尺寸的图片和描述，读者可以深入了解这些毛虫的形态特征、生活习性、生命周期以及它们在生态系统中的角色。书中可能涵盖了毛虫的识别要点、食性、分布情况以及它们与周围环境的相互作用等内容。书中的贡献者包括David Albaugh、Bob Cammarata、Ross Field、Harold Greeney、John Horstman、David James、Sally Morgan、Tony Pittaway、James A. Scott、Andrei Sourakov、Martin Townsend、Kirby Wolfe等专家，他们各自在昆虫学领域有着丰富的研究经验，确保了书中信息的科学性和准确性。出版信息显示，该书由芝加哥大学出版社发行，版权属于Quarto Publishing plc，于2017年出版。书号为ISBN-13:978-0-226-28736-2（精装版）和ISBN-13:978-0-226-28753-9（电子版），并且已经在全球范围内受到版权保护。有兴趣的读者可以通过美国亚马逊官网获取更多关于此书的详细信息。这本书不仅是对昆虫世界的宝贵贡献，也是生物学、生态学和自然历史领域的参考资料。对于那些想要深入理解蝴蝶和蛾类生命周期的人来说，这是一本不可或缺的工具书，它帮助我们欣赏和保护这些生物多样性的重要组成部分。

resembling plant parts, fungi, detritus,

or even bird droppings, caterpillar eggs

are rarely found by casual observers.

The eggs usually develop rapidly,

hatching within two to ten days, de-

pending on temperature. Sometimes,

though, they are programmed to delay

hatching, spending adverse weather

conditions—extreme cold or heat—in

a state of developmental arrest, known

as diapause. They then hatch only when

the host plants they feed on reappear.

LARVAL STAGES

The caterpillar hatches by cutting a

hole in the shell with its mandibles and,

according to species, may consume the

entire eggshell on the way out or leave

the empty eggshell with a telltale exit

hole. The new larva immediately sets

about feeding and protecting itself. It may move to a safer location on the

plant, cover itself with a silk-tied leaf shelter, or, in the case of gregarious

larvae, join with its siblings in creating an extensive silk-web nest.

Caterpillars at the newly hatched stage, known as the rst instar, usually

feed rapidly, often doubling in size within a few days. Once the larval

“skin,” or integument, tightens and appears stretched, with a swelling at

the head caused by the larger, inelastic head capsule of the next instar, the

larva is nearing its rst molt, or ecdysis. Before molting, larvae nd a site

hidden from predators, spin a small pad of silk to which they attach their

claspers, and remain motionless for 12 to 48 hours.

Molting, which takes only minutes, begins at the head end, with the

integument splitting and slipping backward along the body as the larva

moves slightly forward. In most species, the next instar consumes the

old integument and soon resumes feeding. Newly molted larvae often

show temporary paler coloration, which disappears within 2 to 12 hours.

Some species have four or six instars, but most have ve, molting four

times. However, where larval development is interrupted multiple times

by diapause, seven to nine instars can occur.

ABOVE Successive

instars can dier

considerably in

appearance as well

as size. This saturniid

moth caterpillar,

Arsenura batesii, has

molted and left its

spectacular, tentacled

fourth instar skin

behind, becoming

cryptic and sticklike

in its fth, nal instar.

FROM EGGS TO PUPATION

1616

FROM EGGS TO PUPATION

FEEDING AND GROWING

Caterpillars are programmed to eat as much as possible in order to grow

and mature. The period from egg hatch to pupation may be as little as ten

days, although in species with multiple dormancies caterpillars can live for

two to three years, with one Arctic species taking up to seven years to

complete development. An approximate doubling of length occurs in each

successive instar. Between 60 and 80 percent of the total plant mass eaten

by a developing caterpillar is consumed in the nal instar. Size is relative,

however, as the largest saturniid silkmoth and hawkmoth caterpillars grow

up to 6 in (150mm) in length, while the nal instars of “micromoths” may

reach only ⁄ in (5mm).

Species also grow at dierent rates and in dierent seasons, depending

on their preferred food. Some feed only on leaf buds, others on young

leaves, mature leaves, ower buds, owers, seeds, or even stems. Buds,

owers, and seeds are more nutritious (generally with more nitrogen) than

leaves or stems, promoting faster growth but within a shorter growth

period. Food sources such as grasses and evergreen needles are low in

nutrition but hugely abundant over vast areas, so caterpillars exploiting

these resources grow slowly but with little competition.

DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES

Caterpillars, like all insects, are cold blooded and depend on environmental

conditions to achieve the optimum body temperatures for development.

For the majority of species, the range of body temperatures favoring

development is 59–86ºF (15–30ºC). When temperatures remain below

41ºF (5ºC), with periods below 32ºF (0°C) and limited, low-angle

sunshine, many caterpillars are unable to develop. To survive long, hard

winters, they have to change their physiology and enter a dormant state of

right Two caterpillars

of the Checkered

White (Pontia

protodice), a tiny

second instar and

a much larger fth

instar, demonstrate

how fast these larvae

grow. The fth instar

is just nine days

older than the

second instar.

1717

FROM EGGS TO PUPATION

suspended animation, or diapause. In late summer or fall, some caterpillars

prepare for overwintering by seeking refuges, such as curled leaves, seed

pods, under rocks, or other sheltered locations, where they will be buered

against the elements. Here, a lowered metabolic rate and radical

biochemical changes, including synthesis of a kind of “antifreeze,” protect

them against extreme cold. Species living in hot, dry Mediterranean or

desert climates, where temperatures frequently reach 100–115ºF (38–45ºC)

and plant life is often sparse, face a similar challenge, entering summer

dormancy, or estivation, and delaying pupation and adult emergence until

fall, when conditions are better for survival and reproduction.

Caterpillars may reenter diapause multiple times if environmental

stimuli signal the onset of unfavorable conditions. Post-diapause,

checkerspot (Euphydryas) buttery caterpillars recommence feeding in

late winter or early spring on fresh host plant growth, but if a lack of

moisture aects that growth, the larvae become dormant, potentially living

for two to three years with only short periods of development annually.

Caterpillars living at high elevations, such as those of the Arctic Fritillary

(Boloria chariclea), depend on timely snowmelt to enable them to feed and

complete development in time for the normal midsummer ight period.

In late spring, after diapause, these caterpillars appear to measure day

length to determine if they can complete development in time. If not, they

overwinter twice, as an early instar then a late instar. Climate, elevation,

and food plant also aect the number of broods developed during a year.

PREPARING TO PUPATE

When nearing maturity and pupation, full-fed

larvae often change color, most “shrink” to a

certain degree, and some enter a wandering phase,

the “wanderers” seeking sites away from the host

plant. Some go underground, some hide, and

others build a protective cocoon or blend in with

the background, either through coloration or by

creating a broken outline. This high degree of

crypsis, and the talent of wandering prepupal

caterpillars for nding secluded pupation sites,

means the particularly vulnerable pupal stage of

butterfly and moth metamorphosis is the least

likely to be seen.

BELOW Preparing to

pupate, the Common

Wood Nymph

(Cercyonis pegala)

hangs in an inverted

J shape. This well-

camouaged but

vulnerable prepupal

stage may last from

12 to 48 hours

depending on

the temperature.

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全球六百种毛虫图鉴：生命尺寸指南

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