Latex入门教程：快速掌握Latex基础知识

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Latex Tutorial Latex 是一款强大的排版系统，广泛应用于学术论文、技术报告、书籍出版等领域。下面是基于给定的文件内容生成的相关知识点： **Latex 简介** Latex 是 Donald Knuth 开发的一款排版系统，旨在帮助用户快速、美观地排版文档。它可以生成高质量的文档，具有很强的灵活性和可扩展性。 **Latex 的优点** Latex 的优点在于它可以生成高质量的文档，具有很强的灵活性和可扩展性。它可以处理复杂的数学公式、表格、图形等内容，非常适合学术论文、技术报告、书籍出版等领域。 **Latex 的应用** Latex 广泛应用于学术论文、技术报告、书籍出版等领域。它可以生成高质量的文档，具有很强的灵活性和可扩展性。 **Latex 的安装** Latex 可以在多种操作系统上安装，包括 Windows、Mac OS、Linux 等。用户可以根据自己的需求选择合适的安装方式。 **Latex 的基本语法** Latex 的基本语法包括命令、环境、宏等概念。用户可以使用 Latex 提供的命令来排版文档，例如 `\documentclass`、`\begin`、`\end` 等。 **Latex 的高级应用** Latex 的高级应用包括数学公式排版、图形绘制、表格排版等。用户可以使用 Latex 提供的宏包来实现这些高级应用。 **Latex 的资源** Latex 的资源包括在线教程、文档、社区等。用户可以通过这些资源来学习 Latex，提高自己的排版技能。 **Latex 的许可** Latex 的许可证是 GNU Free Documentation License，版本 1.2。用户可以自由地使用、分发和修改 Latex。 **Latex 的历史** Latex 的历史可以追溯到 1980 年代。它是 Donald Knuth 开发的一款排版系统，旨在帮助用户快速、美观地排版文档。 **Latex 的社区** Latex 的社区非常活跃，包括在线论坛、邮件列表、IRC 频道等。用户可以通过这些社区来获取帮助、分享经验和资源。 **Latex 的在线资源** Latex 的在线资源包括在线教程、文档、示例等。用户可以通过这些资源来学习 Latex，提高自己的排版技能。 **Latex 的示例** Latex 的示例包括学术论文、技术报告、书籍出版等。用户可以通过这些示例来学习 Latex，提高自己的排版技能。 Latex 是一款强大的排版系统，广泛应用于学术论文、技术报告、书籍出版等领域。用户可以通过学习 Latex，提高自己的排版技能，生成高质量的文档。

16 I.THE BASICS

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The Director

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TUTORIAL II

THE DOCUMENT

II.1. DOCUMENT CLASS

We now describe how an entire document with chapters and sections and other embellish-

ments can be produced with L

X. We have seen that all L

X ﬁles should begin by spec-

ifying the kind of document to be produced, using the command \documentclass{... }.

We’ve also noted that for a short article (which can actually turn out to be quite long!) we

write \documentclass{article} and for books, we write \documentclass{book}. There

are other document classes available in L

X such as report and letter. A ll of them

share some common features and there are features speciﬁc to each.

In addition to specifying the type of document (which we must do, since L

X has

no default document class), we can also specify some options which modify the default

format.Thus the actual syntax of the \documentclass command is

\documentclass[options]{class}

Note that options are given in square brackets and not braces. (T his is often the

case with L

X commands—options are speciﬁed within square brackets, after which

mandatory arguments are given within braces.)

II.1.1. Font size

We can select the size of the font for the normal text in the entire document with one of

the options

10pt 11pt 12pt

Thus we can say

\documentclass[11pt]{article}

to set the normal text in our document in 11 pt size. The default is 10pt and so this is the

size we get, if we do not specify any font-size option.

II.1.2. Paper size

We know that L

X has its own method of b reaking lines to make paragraphs. It also has

methods to make vertical breaks to produce different pages of output. For the se breaks

to work properly, it must know the width and height of the paper used. The various

options for selecting the paper size are given below:

letterpaper 11⇥8.5 in a4paper 20.7⇥21 in

legalpaper 14⇥8.5 in a5paper 21⇥14.8 in

executivepaper 10.5⇥7.25 in b5paper 25⇥17.6 in

Normally, the longer dimension is the vertical one—that is, the height of the page. The

default is letterpaper.

18 II.THE DOCUMENT

II.1.3. Page formats

There are options for setting the contents of each page in a single column (as is usual) or

in two columns (as in most dictionaries). This is set by the options

onecolumn twocolumn

and the default is onecolumn.

There is also an option to specify w hether the document will be ﬁnally printed on just

one side of each paper or on both sides. The names of the options are

oneside twoside

One of the differences is that with the twoside option, page numbers are printed on

the right on odd-numbered pages and on the le ft on even numbered pages, so that when

these printed back to back, the numbers are always on the outside, for better visibility.

(Note that L

X has no control over the actual printing. It only makes the form ats for

different types of printing.) The default is oneside for article, report and letter and

twoside for book.

In the report and book class there is a provision to specify the different chapters (we

will soon see how). Chapters always begin on a new page, leaving blank space in t he

previous page, if necessary. With the book class there is the additional restriction that

chapters begin only on odd-numbered pages, leaving an entire page blank, if need be.

Such behavior is controlled by the options,

openany openright

The default is openany for reportclass (so that chapters begin on “any” new page)

and openright for the book class (so that chapters begin only on new right, that is, od d

numbered, page).

There is also a provision in L

X for formatting the “title” (the name of t he docu-

ment, author(s) and so on) of a document with special typographic consideration. In t he

article class, this part of the document is printed alon g with the text following on the

ﬁrst page, while for report and book,aseparate title page is printed. These are set by the

options

notitlepage titlepage

As noted above, the default is notitlepage for article and titlepage for report and

book. As with the other options, the default behavior can be overruled by explicitly

specifying an option with the documentclass command.

There are some other options to the documentclass which we will discuss in the rele-

vant context.

II.2. PAG E S TYL E

Having decided on the overall appearance of the d ocument throug h the \documentclass

command with its various options, we next see how we ca n set the style for the individual

pages. In L

X parlance, each page has a “head” and “foot” usually containing such

information as the current page number or the current chapter or section. Just what goes

where is set by the command

\pagestyle{...}

where the mandatory argument can be any one of the following styles

plain empty headings myheadings

The behavior pertaining to each of these is given below:

II.3. PAGE N U M BE R I NG 19

plain The page head is empty and the foot contains just the page number, cen-

tered with respect to the width of the text. This is the default for the

article class if no \pagestyle is speciﬁed in the preamble.

empty Both the head and foot are empty. In particular, no page numbers are

printed.

headings This is the default for the book class. The foot is empty and the head

contains the page numbe r and names of the chapter section or subsection,

depending on the document class and its options as given below:

CLASS OPTION LEFT PAGE RIGHT PAGE

book, report

one-sided — chapter

two-sided chapter section

article

one-sided — section

two-sided section subsection

myheadings The same as headings, except that the ‘section’ information in the head

are not predetermined, but to be given explicitly using the commands

\markright or \markboth as described below.

Moreover, we can customize the style for the current page only using the command

\thispagestyle{style}

where style is the name of one of the styles above. For example, the page number may

be suppressed for the current page alone by the command \thispagestyle{empty}. Note

that only the printing of the pa ge number is suppressed. The next page will be numbered

with the next number and so on.

II.2.1. Heading decla rations

As we mentioned above, in the page style m yheadings, we have to specify the text to

appear on the head of every page. It is done with on e of the commands

\markboth{left head{right head}

\markright{right head}

where left head is the text to ap pear in the head on left-hand pages and right head is the

text to appear on the right-hand pages.

The \markboth command is used with the twoside option with even numbered pages

considered to be on the left and odd n umbered pages on the right. With oneside option,

all pages are considered to be right-handed and so in this case, the command \markright

can be used. These commands can also be used to override the default head set by the

headings style.

Note that these gi ve only a limited control over the head and foot. since the general

format, including the font used and the placement of the page number, is ﬁxed by L

Better customization of the head and f oot are offered by the package fancyhdr, which is

included in most L

X distributions.

II.3. PAG E N UMB ER IN G

The style of page numbers can be speciﬁed by the command

\pagenumbering{...}

The possible arguments to this command and the resulting style of the numbers are given

below:

20 II.THE DOCUMENT

arabic Indo-Arabic numerals

roman lowercase Roman numerals

Roman upper case Roman numerals

alph lowercase English letters

Alph uppercase English letters

The default value is arabic. This command resets the page counter. Thus for example, to

number all the pages in the ‘Preface’ with lowercase Roman numerals and the rest of the

document with Indo-Arabic numerals, declare \pagenumbering{roman} at the beginning

of the Preface and issue the command \pagestyle{arabic} immediately after the ﬁrst

\chapter command. (The \chapter{...} command starts a new chapter. We will come

to it soon.)

We can make the pages start with any number we want by the com mand

\setcounter{page}{number}

where number is the page number we wish the current page to have.

II.4. FORMATTING LENGTHS

Each page that L

X produces consists not only of a head an d foot as discussed above

but also a body (surprise!) containing the actual text. In formatting a page, L

X uses

the width and heights of these parts of the page a nd various other lengths suc h as the

left and right margins. The va lues of these lengths are set by the paper size options and

the page format and style comm ands. For example, the page layout with values of these

lengths for an odd page and even in this book are separately shown below.

These lengths can all be changed with the command \setlength. Fo r example,

\setlength{\textwidth}{15cm}

makes the width of text 15 cm. The package geometry gives easier interfaces to customize

page format.

II.5. PARTS OF A DOCUMENT

We now turn our attention to the contents of the document itself. Documents (especially

longer ones) are divided into chapters, sections and so on. There may be a title part

(sometimes even a separate title page) and an abstract. All these require special typo-

graphic considerations and L

X has a number of features which automate this task.

II.5.1. Title

The “title” part of a document usually consists of the name of the document, the name

of author(s) and sometimes a date. To produce a title, we make use of the commands

\title{document name}

\author{author names}

\date{date text}

\maketitle

Note that after specifying the arguments of \title, \author and \date, we must issue the

command \maketitle for this part to be typeset.

By default, all entries produced by these commands are centered on the lines in which

they appear. If a title text is too long to ﬁt in one line, it will be broken automatically.

However, we can choose the break points with the \\ command.

If there are several authors and their n ames are separated by the \and command, then

the names appear side by side. Thus

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