时间触发嵌入式系统模式探索

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"Patterns for time-triggered embedded systems" 是一本由 Michael J. Pont 撰写的书籍，专注于时间触发式嵌入式系统的设计模式。这本书由 ACM Press Books 出版，该出版社是计算机科学领域的权威机构，致力于提升全球 IT 专业人士的技术和知识水平。在时间触发式嵌入式系统中，时间片（Time-Slicing）是一种关键概念。时间片是指操作系统为每个进程或任务分配一段固定的时间来执行，以确保系统的确定性和实时性。这种系统设计方法在对时间和可靠性有严格要求的领域，如航空航天、汽车电子和工业自动化中至关重要。书中的内容可能涵盖了以下方面： 1. **时间触发架构**：解释了如何通过预定义的时间表来安排和执行任务，以保证系统的可预测性，避免因事件驱动的不确定性而产生的延迟。 2. **设计模式**：详细介绍了适用于时间触发式系统的特定设计模式，这些模式可以帮助开发者构建可靠、高效且易于维护的系统。 3. **实时操作系统**：讨论了支持时间触发操作的实时操作系统（RTOS）的特性和选择，以及它们如何与硬件协同工作以实现精确的时间控制。 4. **故障安全和容错**：可能包括如何设计和实现具有高安全性的系统，即使在硬件或软件故障情况下也能保持稳定运行。 5. **测试和验证**：强调了在时间触发式系统开发中，测试和验证过程的重要性，以确保系统的功能正确性和满足严格的性能标准。 6. **工程实践**：可能会涵盖项目管理、需求分析、文档编写等软件工程实践，这些都是成功实施时间触发式系统的关键部分。 7. **案例研究**：书中可能包含实际应用案例，展示时间触发式技术在不同行业的应用，以帮助读者更好地理解理论知识的实际应用。此外，书中的其他ACM相关标题如“Software Requirements and Specification”和“Software Test Automation”可能作为参考，展示了在软件工程领域中，从需求定义到测试自动化的一系列重要实践和原则。 “Patterns for time-triggered embedded systems” 是一本深入探讨时间触发式嵌入式系统设计的专业著作，对于那些在相关领域工作的工程师和技术人员来说，是一份宝贵的学习和参考资源。

problem and solution. They connect human needs and emotions with technology. And

they open up new possibilities for people who just have a problem to solve.

Fire up your soldering iron and enjoy.

Kent Beck

Three Rivers Institute

Merlin, Oregon

FOREWORD

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Embedded software is ubiquitous. It forms a core component of an enormous range of

systems, from aircraft, passenger cars and medical equipment, to children’s toys, video

recorders and microwave ovens. This book provides a complete and coherent set of

software patterns to support the development of this type of application.

The remainder of this preface attempts to provide answers to more detailed ques-

tions which prospective readers may have about the contents.

I What are the key features of this book?

● The focus is on the rapid development of software for time-triggered, embedded sys-

tems, using software patterns. The meaning of ‘time triggered’ is explained in

Chapter 1; software patterns are introduced in Chapter 2.

● The systems are all based on microcontrollers, from the widely used 8051 family.

This vast family of 8-bit devices is manufactured by a number of companies, includ-

ing Philips, Infineon, Atmel, Dallas, Texas Instruments and Intel. The range of dif-

ferent 8051 microcontrollers available is reviewed in Chapter 3.

● Time-triggered techniques are the usual choice in safety-related applications, where

reliability is a crucial design requirement. However, the need for reliability is not

restricted to systems such as drive-by-wire passenger cars, aerospace systems or

monitoring systems for industrial robots: even at the lowest level, an alarm clock

that fails to sound on time or a video recorder that operates intermittently may not

have safety implications but, equally, will not have high sales figures. The patterns

presented here allow time-triggered techniques to be simply and cost-effectively

applied in virtually any embedded project.

● The applications discussed in detail must carry out tasks or respond to events over

time intervals measured in milliseconds. This level of response can be economical-

ly and reliably achieved, even with an 8-bit microcontroller, using the approaches

discussed in this book.

● The software is implemented entirely in ‘C’. All of the examples in the book appear,

in full, on the enclosed CD.

● The book is supported by a WWW site which includes, among other features, a wide

range of detailed case studies, additional technical information and links to sources

of further information

(http://www.engg.le.ac.uk/books/Pont).

Preface

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PREFACE

xvii

II How do you build time-triggered embedded systems?

● The time-triggered systems in this book are created using schedulers. Briefly, a

scheduler is a very simple ‘operating system’ suitable for use in embedded applica-

tions (see Chapter 13 for a detailed introduction to this topic).

● A range of complete scheduler architectures for applications involving a single

microcontroller is described and illustrated (Chapters 14 to 17). Complete source

code for a number of different schedulers is included on the CD.

● Like an increasing number of applications, many of the systems presented here

involve the use of more than one microcontroller: a range of shared-clock

scheduler architectures that can support this type of application is described

(Chapters 25 to 29). Many of these systems make use of popular serial standards,

including the CAN bus and RS-485.

● A selection of more specialized scheduler architectures is also presented (in Part H).

This includes a ‘stable’ scheduler that can provide very precise timing over long

periods, a scheduler optimized to run a single task and general-purpose schedulers

designed for low-power and/or low-memory applications (see Chapters 36 and 37).

III What other topics are discussed in the book?

● All embedded systems involve some hardware design and suitable hardware foun-

dations are presented. These include designs for oscillator and reset circuits and

techniques for connecting external ROM and RAM memory (see Chapters 4, 5 and

6). These also include interface circuits suitable for use with low- and high-voltage

DC and AC loads (see Chapters 7 and 8).

● Suitable software foundations are also presented, including a simple architecture for

embedded applications (Chapter 9), techniques for controlling port pins (Chapter

10), techniques for generating delays (Chapter 11) and techniques for using watch-

dog timers (Chapter 12).

● A key part of the user interface of some embedded applications is an RS-232 link to

a desktop or notebook PC, while many other embedded systems have a user inter-

face created using an LCD or LED display along with a small collection of switches

and/or a keypad. Techniques for working with these different interface components

are presented in Chapters 18 to 22.

● Many modern different peripheral devices (LCDs, LED displays, EEPROMs, A-D and

D-A devices and so on) now have a serial interface, with the result that these devices

can be connected to a microcontroller without consuming large numbers of port

pins. Complete software libraries for the two main serial communication protocols

C and SPI) are presented in Chapters 23 and 24.

● Techniques suitable for use in condition monitoring and control applications are

presented in Part G. This includes a discussion of ‘PID control’. Again, detailed code

libraries are provided (Chapter 30 to Chapter 35).

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IV Who should read this book?

I had three main groups of people in mind as I wrote this book:

● Software engineers with previous experience of desktop systems now beginning to

work with embedded systems.

● Hardware engineers who wish to understand more about the software issues

involved in the development of embedded systems.

● University and college students on ‘electronic and software engineering’, ‘software

engineering’, ‘computer science’, ‘electronic engineering’ or similar programmes

who are taking advanced modules in embedded systems.

It must be emphasized that this book is not intended for those requiring an introduc-

tion to programming and it is expected that readers will have previously developed

‘desktop’ software applications, using C, C++ or a similar high-level language. Readers

with less experience in this area may find it useful to have a copy of an introductory

book on ‘C’, such as Herbert Schildt’s Teach Yourself C (Schildt, 1997)

by their side as

they read this book.

Similarly, some familiarity with the principles of software design is assumed. Here,

some experience with ‘object-oriented’ design, and ‘process-oriented’ design (‘struc-

tured analysis’) will be useful. Readers with less experience in this area may find it use-

ful to have a copy of my previous introductory book on software design (Pont, 1996)

by their side.

Finally, some very basic electronics knowledge is also useful. Readers without hard-

ware design experience may find it useful to have available a copy of The Art of

Electronics (Horowitz and Hill, 1989).

V What type of microcontroller hardware is used?

The market for microcontrollers is vast. Most current estimates suggest that, for every

processor sold for a desktop PC, 100 microcontrollers are sold for embedded systems.

As the sub-title suggests, this book focuses on the 8051 family of microcontrollers,

which was originally developed by Intel, but is now produced, in more than 300 dif-

ferent forms, by a wide range of companies, including Philips, Infineon, Atmel and

Dallas. The use of the 8051 family is no accident. Together, sales of this vast family are

estimated to account for more than 50% of the 8-bit microcontroller market and to

have the largest share (around 30%) of the microcontroller market as a whole.

PREFACE

xviii

In most cases, readers with previous desktop programming experience, some familiarity

with ‘dataflow diagrams’ or ‘UML’ and some rudimentary hardware knowledge will have

little difficulty with the material presented here. Please note that no knowledge of soft-

ware patterns is assumed.

1. Details of sources referred to in the text are given in Chapter 39

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Note that in this book I consider not only recent versions of the ‘standard’ 8051 (4

ports, 40/44 pins: e.g. the Atmel 89C52; Dallas 89C420; Infineon C501; Philips 89CRD2),

but the full range of modern devices, including the ‘small’ 8051s (two ports, 20/24 pins:

e.g. the Atmel 89C4051; Philips 87LPC764) and the ‘extended’ 8051s (up to ten ports,

~100 pins, CAN, ADC, etc. on chip: e.g. Infineon C509; Infineon C515c; Dallas 80c390).

VI What’s on the CD?

The CD includes complete source code files for all the software patterns: as mentioned

above, all of this code is in the ‘C’ programming language.

The source code for these patterns is fully compatible with the industry-standard Keil

C compiler. An evaluation version of this compiler, and a complete hardware simulator,

is also included on the CD: this allows the majority of the patterns to be explored on a

desktop PC without the need to purchase or construct any hardware at all.

Finally, data sheets (in PDF format) for a large number of 8051 microcontroller are

also included on the CD.

VII What about the WWW site?

There is a WWW site associated with this book, at the following URL:

http://www.engg.le.ac.uk/books/Pont

On this site you will find:

● A set of detailed case studies describing the application of the techniques discussed

in this book in a series of small and large projects.

● Bug reports and code updates (please see section X, which follows).

● Further code samples.

● Links to other relevant sites.

VIII Is the code ‘free ware’?

The code included in this book took many years to produce. It is not ‘free ware’ and is

subject to some simple copyright restrictions. These are as follows:

● Having purchased a copy of this book, you are entitled to use the code listed in this

book and included on the CD in your projects, should you choose to do so. If you use

the code in this way, then no run-time royalties are due. However, I would appreciate

it if you acknowledged the source of the code in the product documentation.

PREFACE

xix

Please note: The code associated with this book is written entirely in ‘C’: you will find it

straightforward to translate the code for use on a different hardware platform should you

wish to do so.

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