爱立信专家解析：3G进化HSPA与LTE移动宽带深度剖析（第二版）

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《3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband》（第二版）是由Erik Dahlman、Stefan Parkvall、Johan Sköld和Per Bengming四位专家共同编著的一本权威著作，它在LTE技术领域具有重要地位，是业界公认的三大外文教材之一，另外两本分别是《LTE-UMTS长期演进理论与实践》和《UMTS中的LTE》。中文版由译者同事翻译，显示出作者之间的深厚联系。该书主要关注3G向4G（Long-Term Evolution, LTE）的演进过程，特别是高速分组接入技术（High-Speed Packet Access, HSPA）与LTE在移动宽带领域的应用。第二部分和第三部分是书中的精华，它们深入剖析了无线通信系统的C/I（载波信噪比）优化，特别是如何有效解决干扰问题，这部分内容的讲解非常透彻，使得读者能够理解和掌握关键概念。物理层的阐述是本书的一大亮点，作者们避免了繁复的公式，使技术细节更加易于理解，即使是对于初学者也十分友好。然而，作为一本专注于LTE的书籍，它在无线网络层（如Radio Resource Control, RRC和Packet Data Convergence Protocol, PDCP）的内容上有所欠缺，这些高层协议在实际操作和理解LTE系统完整性时显得尤为重要。幸好，《LTE-UMTS长期演进理论与实践》对RRC和PDCP进行了详尽的讲解，可以弥补这一不足，使得两本书相互补充，形成一个完整的LTE学习体系。此外，书中对MBMS（Mobile Broadcast Service, 移动广播服务）的介绍较为简洁，如果读者对此感兴趣，可能需要结合其他资料进行深入探究。总体来说，《3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband》是一本实用且深入浅出的教材，适合希望深入了解3G向4G演进和LTE技术的读者，尤其是那些对无线通信技术有着扎实基础的人士。

List of Figures

1.1 The standardization phases and iterative process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2 3GPP organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Releases of 3GPP specifications for UTRA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4 The definition of IMT-2000 in ITU-R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 The terminal development has been rapid the past 20 years. . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 The bit rate – delay service space that is important to cover

when designing a new cellular system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.3 One HSPA and LTE deployment strategy: upgrade to HSPA

Evolution, then deploy LTE as islands in the WCDMA/HSPA sea. . . . 25

3.1 Minimum required E

at the receiver as a function of

bandwidth utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.2 Signal constellations for (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM and (c) 64QAM. . . . . . 35

3.3 Distribution of instantaneous power for different modulation

schemes. Average power is same in all cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.4 Multi-path propagation causing time dispersion and radio-channel

frequency selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.5 Extension to wider transmission bandwidth by means of multi-

carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.6 Theoretical WCDMA spectrum. Raised-cosine shape with roll-off

α  0.22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1 (a) Per-subcarrier pulse shape and (b) spectrum for basic OFDM

transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2 OFDM subcarrier spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.3 OFDM modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.4 OFDM time–frequency grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.5 Basic principle of OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.6 OFDM modulation by means of IFFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.7 OFDM demodulation by means of FFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.8 Time dispersion and corresponding received-signal timing. . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.9 Cyclic-prefix insertion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.10 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception. . . . . . . . . . 52

4.11 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception with

‘ one-tap equalization ’ at the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.12 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

xvi

4.13 (a) Transmission of single wideband carrier and (b) OFDM

transmission over a frequency-selective channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.14 Channel coding in combination with frequency-domain interleaving

to provide frequency diversity in case of OFDM transmission. . . . . . . . 55

4.15 Subcarrier interference as a function of the normalized Doppler

spread f

Doppler

/ Δf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.16 Spectrum of a basic 5 MHz OFDM signal compared with WCDMA

spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.17 OFDM as a user-multiplexing/multiple-access scheme: (a) downlink

and (b) uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4.18 Distributed user multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.19 Uplink transmission-timing control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.20 Broadcast scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.21 Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission. (a) Broadcast and (b) Unicast. . . . . 62

4.22 Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path

propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5.1 General time-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2 Linear equalization implemented as a time-discrete FIR filter.. . . . . . . . 67

5.3 Frequency-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.4 Overlap-and-discard processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.5 Cyclic-prefix insertion in case of single-carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . 70

5.6 Orthogonal multiple access: (a) TDMA and (b) FDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.7 FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5.8 DFTS-OFDM signal generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5.9 PAR distribution for OFDM and DFTS-OFDM, respectively.

Solid curve: QPSK. Dashed curve: 16QAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.10 Basic principle of DFTS-OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.11 DFTS-OFDM demodulator with frequency-domain equalization. . . . . . 77

5.12 Uplink user multiplexing in case of DFTS-OFDM. (a) Equal-

bandwidth assignment and (b) unequal-bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . 78

5.13 Localized DFTS-OFDM vs. Distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5.14 Spectrum of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM signals. . . . . . . . . 79

5.15 User multiplexing in case of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . 79

6.1 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.2 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3 Downlink scenario with a single dominating interferer (special

case of only two receive antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.4 Receiver scenario with one strong interfering mobile terminal:

(a) Intra-cell interference and (b) Inter-cell interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6.5 Two-dimensional space/time linear processing (two receive antennas). . 87

List of Figures

xvii

6.6 Two-dimensional space/frequency linear processing (two receive

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.7 Two-antenna delay diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

6.8 Two-antenna Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6.9 WCDMA Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.10 Space–Frequency Transmit Diversity assuming two transmit

antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6.11 Classical beam-forming with high mutual antennas correlation:

(a) antenna configuration and (b) beam-structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6.12 Pre-coder-based beam-forming in case of low mutual antenna

correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

6.13 Per-subcarrier pre-coding in case of OFDM (two transmit

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

6.14 2  2-antenna configuration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

6.15 Linear reception/demodulation of spatially multiplexed signals. . . . . . . 99

6.16 Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6.17 Orthogonalization of spatially multiplexed signals by means of

pre-coding. λ

i,i

is the i th eigenvalue of the matrix H

H . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

6.18 Single-codeword transmission (a) vs. multi-codeword

transmission (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.19 Demodulation/decoding of spatially multiplexed signals based on

Successive Interference Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7.1 (a) Power control and (b) rate control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7.2 Channel-dependent scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

7.3 Example of three different scheduling behaviors for two users with

different average channel quality: (a) max C/I, (b) round robin, and

7.4 Illustration of the principle behavior of different scheduling strategies:

(a) for full buffers and (b) for web browsing traffic model. . . . . . . . . . 119

7.5 Example of Chase combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

7.6 Example of incremental redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

8.1 WCDMA evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

8.2 WCDMA radio-access network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

8.3 WCDMA protocol architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

8.4 Simplified view of physical layer processing in WCDMA. . . . . . . . . . 133

8.5 Channelization codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

9.1 Time- and code-domain structure for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

9.2 Channel-dependent scheduling for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

9.3 Illustration of the HSDPA architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

List of Figures

xviii

9.4 Dynamic power usage with HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

9.5 Channel structure with HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

9.6 MAC-hs and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

9.7 Priority handling in the scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

9.8 Transport-block sizes vs. the number of channelization codes for

QPSK and 16QAM modulation. The transport-block sizes used for

CQI reporting are also illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

9.9 Generation of redundancy versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

9.10 Multiple hybrid-ARQ process (six in this example). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

9.11 Protocol configuration when HS-DSCH is assigned. The numbers

in the rightmost part of the figure corresponds to the numbers to

the right in Figure 9.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

9.12 Data flow at UTRAN side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

9.13 Measurements and resource limitations for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

9.14 Change of serving cell for HSPA. It is assumed that both the

source and target NodeB are part of the active set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

9.15 The principle of two-stage rate matching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

9.16 An example of the generation of different redundancy versions in

the case of IR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

9.17 The channel interleaver for the HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

9.18 The priority queues in the NodeB MAC-hs (left) and the

reordering queues in the UE MAC-hs (right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.19 Illustration of the principles behind reordering queues. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.20 The structure of the MAC-hs header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9.21 Timing relation for the CQI reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

9.22 HS-SCCH channel coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

9.23 Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH), introduced in Release 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

9.24 Basic structure of uplink signaling with IQ/code-multiplexed

HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

9.25 Detection threshold for the ACK/NAK field of HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . 183

9.26 Enhanced ACK/NAK using PRE and POST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

10.1 Enhanced Uplink scheduling framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

10.2 The architecture with E-DCH (and HS-DSCH) configured. . . . . . . . . . 190

10.3 Separate processing of E-DCH and DCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

10.4 Overall channel structure with HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink.

The new channels introduced as part of Enhanced Uplink are

shown with dashed lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

10.5 MAC-e and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

10.6 Overview of the scheduling operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

10.7 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

10.8 Illustration of relative grant usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

List of Figures

xix

10.9 Illustration of the E-TFC selection process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

10.10 Synchronous vs. asynchronous hybrid ARQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

10.11 Multiple hybrid ARQ processes for Enhanced Uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

10.12 Retransmissions in soft handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

10.13 Code allocation in case of simultaneous E-DCH and HS-DSCH

operation (note that the code allocation is slightly different when

no HS-DPCCH is configured). Channels with SF  4 are shown

on the corresponding SF4 branch for illustrative purposes. . . . . . . . . 209

10.14 Data flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

10.15 Illustration of the resource sharing between E-DCH and DCH

channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

10.16 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.17 Illustration of UE monitoring of the two identities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.18 Example of common and dedicated scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10.19 Grant table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

10.20 Example of activation of individual hybrid ARQ processes. . . . . . . . 218

10.21 E-TFC selection and hybrid ARQ profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

10.22 E-DCH rate matching and the r and s parameters. The bit

collection procedure is identical to the QPSK bit collection

for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

10.23 Amount of puncturing as a function of the transport block

size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

10.24 Mapping from RSN via RV to s and r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

10.25 Reordering mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

10.26 Structure and format of the MAC-e/es PDU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

10.27 E-DCH-related out-band control signaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

10.28 E-HICH and E-RGCH structures (from the serving cell). . . . . . . . . . . 232

10.29 Illustration of signature sequence hopping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

10.30 E-AGCH coding structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

10.31 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 10 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . 236

10.32 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 2 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . . 237

10.33 E-DPCCH coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

11.1 Example of MBMS services. Different services are provided in

different areas using broadcast in cells 1–4. In cell 5, unicast is

used as there is only single user subscribing to the MBMS

service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

11.2 Example of typical phases during an MBMS session. The

dashed phases are only used in case of multicast and not for

broadcast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

11.3 The gain with soft combining and multi-cell reception in

terms of coverage vs. power for 64 kbit/s MBMS service

List of Figures

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爱立信专家解析：3G进化HSPA与LTE移动宽带深度剖析（第二版）

3G EVOLUTION: HSPA AND LTE FOR MOBILE BROADBAND.part1

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3G演进：HSPA与LTE移动宽带技术

3G演进：HSPA与LTE的移动宽带技术

爱立信权威解析：3G演进到HSPA与LTE移动宽带

移动宽带的3G演进：HSPA与LTE第二版

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