ArcGIS地图投影指南：解决数据对齐问题

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《ArcGIS中的数据对齐：投影指南》是一本由Margaret M. Maher编写的实用手册，专为解决GIS用户在数据不匹配问题上遇到的困扰而设计。该书第3版于2018年6月28日发行，适用于ArcGIS Desktop 10.6及以上版本，书中内容全面且易于理解，配以全彩地图和图表，使用户能够清晰地识别数据投影并创建自定义投影来实现数据的准确对齐。本书的核心内容围绕地图投影展开，因为不同的地理信息系统（GIS）可能使用不同的坐标系统，这可能导致数据在不同的地图上显示不一致。作者详细介绍了如何识别数据所使用的投影类型，如经纬度投影、伪圆柱投影、墨卡托投影等，并提供了实际操作技巧和步骤，帮助读者解决因坐标系统转换或定制投影设置产生的问题。每一章都独立成篇，针对与坐标系统相关的特定工作场景提供解决方案。新增的章节特别关注垂直坐标系统，这对于处理涉及海拔数据的应用尤为重要。此外，作者还提供了一个新的数据下载资源，以便读者进一步扩展学习和实践。无论对于新用户还是经验丰富的GIS专业人士，第三版的《Lining Up Data in ArcGIS》都能带来实质性的帮助，因为它不仅更新了技术和工具，而且保持了跨版本的兼容性，确保了用户能够在最新版本的ArcGIS中灵活运用所学知识。版权信息部分强调了这本书受美国版权法及相应国家法律保护，未经许可，禁止任何形式的复制或传播，包括电子和机械手段，除非得到Esri的书面许可。此书信息可能会随时更新，因此在政府受限/限制权利的环境下使用时需注意相关规定。《Lining Up Data in ArcGIS》是一本实用的参考书，对于任何希望提升在ArcGIS中有效管理、对齐和转换数据能力的GIS用户来说，都是一份不可或缺的资源。通过学习和应用书中的内容，用户可以确保他们的数据在地图上的精确展示，从而提高分析结果的准确性和有效性。

various chapters will also allow you the opportunity to review concepts

presented in various ways and from different perspectives, and integrate these

concepts into a better understanding of coordinate systems.

To facilitate the flow of your reading, refer to appendix A, “Knowledge

Articles,” which contains references to a number of Knowledge articles from

the Esri Support Center. Some of the articles contain links referred to in this

text. Downloading copies of the relevant materials from Esri Knowledge

articles 000007924, 000004829, and 000006113 before you begin will ensure

that you have the lists and tables at hand when you find references to them in

the text.

Appendix B, “Online Resources,” provides links to information that will aid

you in working with this book’s content.

There is no getting around the fact that understanding coordinate systems is

a challenge. But it is one you can meet. This book grew out of interactions

with thousands of GIS users over 18 years, many of whom asked me to

summarize in an email what we had just discussed over the phone. It was in

honing those instructions—and finding effective ways to phrase them that

made the most sense—that this content evolved into the practical guide you

have here, one you can rely on 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

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coordinate systems for data to a manageable selection and identify the

unknown coordinate systems by following the methods outlined. The book

also provides instructions for creating custom projection definitions, if data is

not in a standard coordinate system, so that data will properly line up in

ArcMap.

All data is created in some coordinate system, because all data displays the

location of features on the earth’s surface. Once you identify which

coordinate system your data is in, you can correctly select and define the map

projection file that will render your data in the right location in ArcMap in

relation to other data. The first three chapters contain steps to identify the

coordinate system of data in ArcMap, and define the coordinate system to

match the data, if the data has been created using a standard projection.

Projection definitions are now stored in database

tables

Beginning with ArcGIS® Desktop 10.1, released May 31, 2012,

individual projection files were no longer installed with the program for

several reasons. Because of the number of individual files, the amount

of disk space they consumed, and the time required to install the files,

it was no longer efficient to install the individual files. The information

compiled in these files is now maintained in database tables and is

aggregated when a specific coordinate system is called for in the

software. For more information, refer to Knowledge article 000011368

at https://support.esri.com/en/technical-article/000011368.

Using vector datasets

Vector datasets contain point, line, or polygon features that illustrate the

position of real or imaginary features on the earth. Water or oil wells are real

features that would be maintained in the vector dataset as points or 3D lines.

A road is a real feature: the centerline can be maintained as a line feature in

the vector dataset or the pavement width can be maintained as a polygon. A

tax parcel is an imaginary polygon feature, with boundaries and an area

defined by national, state, or local laws. Attribute tables for the data store

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relevant information about the features in the dataset.

Vast quantities of free vector data are available for download from the

internet. Data exchange between GIS analysts is a daily occurrence. Data

collected with a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit is part of many users’

workflows. Metadata describes the source of the data, collection methods,

relative precision and accuracy of the data, and coordinate system or

projection of the data, but in many cases metadata is not provided.

To use vector data in ArcMap, the coordinate system for the data must be

identified, based on the coordinate extent of the data as displayed in ArcMap

> Layer Properties > Source tab. Because the ArcGIS Desktop installation

includes nearly 7,000 coordinate system definitions, and only one of these

definitions properly describes the coordinate system of a specific dataset, the

coordinate system of the dataset must be correctly identified. The projection

must then be correctly defined by applying the coordinate system that

describes the data. ArcMap’s project-on-the-fly utility, used throughout the

book, helps identify projections so that you can align data.

The difference between defining a coordinate system

and projecting data

All GIS data is created in some coordinate system. All GIS data

covers some extent on the surface of the earth, whether the data is

points, lines, polygons, annotations, or some other type of feature.

The extent coordinates can be in decimal degrees, feet, meters,

tenths of an inch, tenths of a foot, millimeters, centimeters, or

kilometers—the list is endless. When the data is added to ArcMap,

right-click the name of the data layer, select Properties > Source tab,

and look at the numbers in the Extent box at the top of the tab. The

Top, Bottom, Left, and Right coordinates are the extent of the data, in

the units and coordinate system used to create the data.

The coordinates in the Extent box are generated in relation to the

coordinate system of the data. This book is about identifying the

coordinate system for the data, so that the coordinate system can be

correctly defined and the data will draw in the right location in ArcMap

in relation to other data.

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To define the coordinate system of the data correctly, you must first

identify the projection that correctly describes the coordinates for the

data. You cannot randomly select one of these 7,000 definitions to

define the data. You must select the one that correctly describes the

coordinate extent in the proper units and coordinate system. If none of

the standard projection definitions matches the properties of the data,

you will have to create a custom projection file, as described in

chapters 4, 5, and 6.

To define the coordinate system for the data, you will use the Define

Projection tool located in ArcToolbox > Data Management Tools >

Projections and Transformations. (In ArcGIS Desktop 10.x, from within

ArcMap, you can also select Catalog window > Toolboxes > System

Toolboxes to access this path.)

For example, you receive data that is in a geographic coordinate

system (GCS), GCS_North_American_1927. There is no metadata

and no projection file, but you use the steps in this book to identify and

define the coordinate system as a GCS on the North American Datum

1927.

All your other data is in NAD 1983 StatePlane California VI FIPS

0406 Feet. You cannot perform any analysis using the data unless it

matches your other data’s coordinate system You cannot define the

data as NAD 1983 StatePlane Feet, because the coordinates of the

data are in decimal degrees, which are angles, not feet, which are

linear units that can be measured on the ground with a ruler.

After defining the projection with the coordinate system that matches

the units and other properties of the new data, you will use the Project

tool, located in ArcToolbox > Data Management Tools > Projections

and Transformations. The Project tool creates a new copy of the data

in the coordinate system you have selected. When the Project tool is

finished, you will still have the original input data, in the original

coordinate system. The Project tool output data will be in the new

coordinate system you selected. Add both sets of data to ArcMap, and

compare the extents to see how the coordinate system selected for

the output changed the extent of the data.

Using project on the fly in ArcMap

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