深入理解Java：思维之旅

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"《Think IN java》是一本深入探讨Java编程思想的书籍，作者Bruce Eckel是MindView, Inc.的总裁。这本书旨在帮助读者理解Java的强大之处，尤其是在解决复杂问题时的优势。书中强调了Java不仅仅是一系列特性的集合，而是需要在设计层面去理解和应用。通过构建一个知识结构模型，读者可以更深入地掌握Java语言，并能够运用它来解决问题。书中的章节围绕特定类型的编程问题展开，提供了挑战性的练习，并特别提到了关于Collections的精彩内容。这本书不仅适合初学者全面学习，也是经验丰富的开发者的重要参考书籍。读者反馈中，有人提到它对于通过Sun Certified Java Programmer考试有很大帮助，同时也称赞其深入浅出的示例和解释，认为它是学习Java的理想教材。" 《Think IN java》第四版深入介绍了Java编程的核心概念，鼓励读者不仅仅是从语法层面去学习Java，而是要理解其设计理念。书中提到，Java的强大在于其在面对复杂问题时的表达能力和灵活性。作者强调，不应孤立地看待Java的特性，而应将它们放在整体的设计框架下去理解。为了帮助读者更好地掌握这些概念，书中的每一章都会围绕一个特定的编程问题进行讲解，通过实例来展示Java如何解决这些问题。此外，书中还强调建立一个“知识结构”模型的重要性。这个模型可以帮助读者在遇到困难时，将问题放入相应的位置，通过自我演绎找到答案。这种学习方法强调了主动思考和自我解决问题的能力，使学习过程更加高效。书中的练习部分是提升技能的关键，它们设计得富有挑战性，旨在让读者在实践中深化理解。特别提到的“Collections”章节，可能涵盖了Java集合框架的深入探讨，包括List、Set、Map等接口及其实现类的使用，以及相关算法和数据结构的应用。读者的评价反映了《Think IN java》的高质量和实用性，无论对于初学者还是有经验的开发者，这本书都提供了极高的价值。它被赞誉为编程教程的典范，以其完整的内容、精准的例子和严谨的解释赢得了高度认可，被认为是学习Java的必备读物。

Unary minus

and plus operators ....................... 69

Auto increment and decrement

............................................. 69

Relational operators............ 70

Testing object equivalence........... 70

Logical operators..................71

Short-circuiting............................ 73

Literals................................. 73

Exponential notation ....................75

Bitwise operators................. 76

Shift operators..................... 76

Ternary if-else operator.....80

String operator

+ and += .............................. 81

Common pitfalls

when using operators.......... 82

Casting operators ................82

Truncation and rounding............. 83

Promotion .................................... 84

Java has no “sizeof”.............84

A compendium

of operators .........................84

Summary ............................. 92

Controlling Execution 93

true and false.................... 93

if-else.................................. 93

Iteration............................... 94

do-while ..................................... 95

for................................................ 95

The comma operator.................... 96

Foreach syntax .................... 97

return................................. 99

break and continue......... 99

The infamous “goto” ..........101

switch............................... 104

Summary ........................... 106

Initialization & Cleanup 107

Guaranteed initialization

with the constructor.......... 107

Method overloading .......... 109

Distinguishing

overloaded methods....................110

Overloading with primitives ........111

Overloading on return values ..... 114

Default constructors........... 115

The this keyword............... 116

Calling constructors

from constructors ....................... 118

The meaning of static................ 119

Cleanup: finalization

and garbage collection....... 120

What is finalize() for? ..............120

You must perform cleanup ......... 121

The termination condition ......... 122

How a garbage collector works... 123

Member initialization........ 125

Specifying initialization.............. 127

Constructor initialization.. 128

Order of initialization .................128

static data initialization ............ 129

Explicit static initialization ....... 131

Non-static

instance initialization ................. 132

Array initialization ............ 134

Variable argument lists .............. 137

Enumerated types ............. 142

Summary ........................... 144

Access Control 145

package:

the library unit................... 146

Code organization....................... 147

Creating unique

package names............................148

A custom tool library ...................151

Using imports

to change behavior...................... 152

Package caveat ............................ 153

Java access specifiers ........ 153

Package access ............................ 153

public: interface access ............. 154

private: you can’t touch that! ... 155

protected: inheritance access .. 156

Interface

and implementation.......... 158

Class access........................ 159

Summary ........................... 162

Reusing Classes 165

Composition syntax........... 165

Inheritance syntax............. 168

Initializing the base class............170

Delegation.......................... 172

Combining composition

and inheritance...................173

Guaranteeing proper cleanup..... 175

Name hiding ............................... 178

Choosing composition

vs. inheritance ................... 179

protected......................... 180

Upcasting............................181

Why “upcasting”?........................182

Composition vs. inheritance revisited

.....................................................182

The final keyword ............ 183

final data ....................................183

final methods ............................ 186

final classes ............................... 188

final caution.............................. 189

Initialization

and class loading ............... 190

Initialization with inheritance ... 190

Summary ............................ 191

Polymorphism 193

Upcasting revisited............ 193

Forgetting the object type...........194

The twist ............................ 196

Method-call binding ...................196

Producing the right behavior......197

Extensibility ................................199

Pitfall: “overriding”

private methods .......................202

Pitfall: fields

and static methods ................... 203

Constructors and polymorphism

...........................................204

Order of constructor calls ..........204

Inheritance and cleanup ............206

Behavior of polymorphic

methods inside constructors...... 210

Covariant return types ...... 212

Designing

with inheritance ................ 213

Substitution vs. extension...........214

Downcasting and runtime

type information .........................215

Summary ............................217

Interfaces 219

Abstract classes

and methods...................... 219

Interfaces........................... 222

Complete decoupling ........ 225

“Multiple inheritance”

in Java ...............................230

Extending an interface

with inheritance ................232

Name collisions when

combining interfaces ................. 233

Adapting to an interface.... 234

Fields in interfaces ............ 236

Initializing fields in interfaces ... 236

Nesting interfaces.............. 237

Interfaces and factories.....239

Summary ...........................242

Inner Classes 243

Creating inner classes .......243

The link to

the outer class....................245

Using .this and .new .......246

Inner classes

and upcasting ....................248

Inner classes in

methods and scopes ..........249

Anonymous

inner classes ...................... 251

Factory Method revisited ...........255

Nested classes.................... 257

Classes inside interfaces ............ 258

Reaching outward from

a multiply nested class................259

Why inner classes? ............260

Closures & callbacks .................. 262

Inner classes &

control frameworks ................... 264

Inheriting from

inner classes ......................270

Can inner classes

be overridden?...................270

Local inner classes............. 272

Inner-class identifiers ....... 273

Summary ...........................274

Holding Your Objects 275

Generics and

type-safe containers .......... 275

Basic concepts ...................278

Adding groups

of elements ....................... 280

Printing containers............ 281

List....................................283

Iterator............................287

ListIterator ............................. 289

LinkedList.......................290

Stack................................. 291

Set .....................................293

Map...................................296

Queue...............................299

PriorityQueue ........................ 300

Collection vs. Iterator ..302

Foreach and iterators ........305

The Adapter Method idiom........307

Summary ...........................309

Error Handling

with Exceptions 313

Concepts .............................313

Basic exceptions ................ 314

Exception arguments ..................315

Catching an exception....... 316

The try block...............................316

Exception handlers .....................316

Creating your

own exceptions...................317

Exceptions and logging...............319

The exception

specification ...................... 322

Catching any exception ..... 323

The stack trace ........................... 324

Rethrowing an exception ........... 325

Exception chaining .................... 328

Standard Java

exceptions...........................331

Special case:

RuntimeException.................331

Performing cleanup

with finally....................... 333

What’s finally for? .................... 334

Using finally during return.... 336

Pitfall: the lost exception ........... 337

Exception restrictions ....... 339

Constructors...................... 341

Exception matching .......... 345

Alternative approaches ..... 347

History........................................ 348

Perspectives ............................... 349

Passing exceptions

to the console ..............................351

Converting checked

to unchecked exceptions.............351

Exception guidelines ......... 353

Summary ........................... 354

Strings 355

Immutable Strings........... 355

Overloading ‘+’ vs. StringBuilder

........................................... 356

Unintended recursion .......360

Operations on Strings ..... 361

Formatting output............. 363

printf() ..................................... 363

System.out.format()............. 363

The Formatter class ................ 364

Format specifiers ....................... 365

Formatter conversions............ 366

String.format()...................... 369

Regular expressions ..........370

Basics ..........................................370

Creating regular expressions......373

Quantifiers ..................................374

Pattern and Matcher ..............375

split()........................................ 383

Replace operations .................... 383

reset()........................................385

Regular expressions

and Java I/O ...............................385

Scanning input .................. 387

Scanner delimiters .................. 389

Scanning with

regular expressions.................... 389

StringTokenizer............390

Summary ........................... 391

Type Information 393

The need for RTTI .............393

The Class object ...............395

Class literals............................... 399

Generic class references .............401

New cast syntax ......................... 404

Checking before a cast.......404

Using class literals ......................410

A dynamic instanceof .............. 411

Counting recursively................... 413

Registered factories........... 414

instanceof vs. Class equivalence

........................................... 417

Reflection: runtime

class information............... 418

A class method extractor ............ 419

Dynamic proxies................422

Null Objects .......................426

Mock Objects & Stubs................. 431

Interfaces and

type information................432

Summary ........................... 437

Generics 439

Comparison with C++ .......440

Simple generics .................440

A tuple library ............................ 442

A stack class ............................... 444

RandomList.............................445

Generic interfaces..............446

Generic methods ...............449

Leveraging type

argument inference ................... 450

Varargs and generic methods.....452

A generic method

to use with Generators............ 453

A general-purpose Generator.454

Simplifying tuple use ................. 455

A Set utility................................ 456

Anonymous

inner classes ...................... 459

Building

complex models................. 461

The mystery of erasure...... 463

The C++ approach ..................... 464

Migration compatibility ............. 466

The problem with erasure.......... 467

The action at the boundaries ..... 469

Compensating

for erasure ......................... 472

Creating instances of types ........ 473

Arrays of generics....................... 475

Bounds...............................480

Wildcards ..........................483

How smart is the compiler?....... 485

Contravariance........................... 487

Unbounded wildcards................ 489

Capture conversion .................... 494

Issues ................................. 495

No primitives

as type parameters ..................... 495

Implementing

parameterized interfaces ........... 497

Casting and warnings................. 497

Overloading................................ 499

Base class hijacks an interface ... 499

Self-bounded types............500

Curiously-recurring generics .....500

Self-bounding............................. 502

Argument covariance ................. 504

Dynamic type safety ..........506

Exceptions ......................... 507

Mixins................................509

Mixins in C++ ............................ 509

Mixing with interfaces ................510

Using the Decorator pattern .......512

Mixins with dynamic proxies......513

Latent typing ......................515

Compensating for

the lack of latent typing..... 518

Reflection ....................................519

Applying a method

to a sequence.............................. 520

When you don’t happen

to have the right interface.......... 522

Simulating latent typing

with adapters ..............................524

Using function objects

as strategies .......................526

Summary: Is casting

really so bad?..................... 531

Further reading...........................533

Arrays 535

Why arrays are special ...... 535

Arrays are

first-class objects ...............536

Returning an array ............539

Multidimensional

arrays .................................540

Arrays and generics........... 543

Creating test data .............. 545

Arrays.fill()..............................546

Data Generators.......................547

Creating arrays

from Generators ...................... 551

Arrays utilities ................. 555

Copying an array.........................555

Comparing arrays .......................557

Array element comparisons ....... 557

Sorting an array .......................... 561

Searching a sorted array.............562

Summary ...........................563

Containers in Depth 567

Full container taxonomy ... 567

Filling containers...............568

A Generator solution ...............569

Map generators.......................... 571

Using Abstract classes..............573

Collection

functionality ......................580

Optional operations...........583

Unsupported operations............ 584

List functionality ..............586

Sets and storage order......589

SortedSet..................................592

Queues ...............................593

Priority queues............................594

Deques ........................................595

Understanding Maps........596

Performance .............................. 598

SortedMap .............................. 600

LinkedHashMap.....................601

Hashing and hash codes....602

Understanding hashCode().... 605

Hashing for speed...................... 608

Overriding hashCode()............ 611

Choosing

an implementation............ 616

A performance

test framework ............................616

Choosing between Lists ............620

Microbenchmarking dangers..... 625

Choosing between Sets.............. 626

Choosing between Maps ........... 628

Utilities .............................. 631

Sorting and searching Lists ...... 634

Making a Collection

or Map unmodifiable ................ 635

Synchronizing a

Collection or Map................... 637

Holding references............638

The WeakHashMap ............... 640

Java 1.0/1.1 containers...... 641

Vector & Enumeration ..........641

Hashtable ................................ 642

Stack ......................................... 642

BitSet ........................................ 644

Summary ...........................646

I/O 647

The File class .................... 647

A directory lister ........................ 647

Directory utilities ....................... 650

Checking for

and creating directories ............. 655

Input and output ............... 657

Types of InputStream............. 657

Types of OutputStream.......... 658

Adding attributes

and useful interfaces ......... 659

Reading from an InputStream with

FilterInputStream................. 660

Writing to an OutputStream

with FilterOutputStream.......661

Readers & Writers.........662

Sources and sinks of data........... 663

Modifying stream behavior........ 663

Unchanged classes ..................... 664

Off by itself: RandomAccessFile

........................................... 665

Typical uses

of I/O streams ................... 665

Buffered input file ...................... 665

Input from memory ................... 666

Formatted memory input .......... 667

Basic file output ......................... 668

Storing and recovering data ...... 669

Reading and writing

random-access files .................... 671

Piped streams .............................672

File reading

& writing utilities............... 672

Reading binary files ....................675

Standard I/O ..................... 675

Reading from standard input .....675

Changing System.out

to a PrintWriter.......................676

Redirecting standard I/O ...........677

Process control .................. 677

New I/O .............................679

Converting data ......................... 682

Fetching primitives.................... 684

View buffers ............................... 686

Data manipulation

with buffers................................ 689

Buffer details.............................. 690

Memory-mapped files ............... 693

File locking................................. 696

Compression......................699

Simple compression

with GZIP................................... 699

Multifile storage with Zip .......... 700

Java ARchives (JARs)................ 702

Object serialization............703

Finding the class .........................707

Controlling serialization............ 708

Using persistence........................ 715

XML ...................................720

Preferences ........................ 722

Summary ...........................724

Enumerated Types 725

Basic enum features......... 725

Using static imports

with enums................................726

Adding methods

to an enum ....................... 727

Overriding enum methods........728

enums in

switch statements ............728

The mystery

of values()........................729

Implements,

not inherits ........................ 732

Random selection.............. 732

Using interfaces

for organization ................. 733

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深入理解Java：思维之旅

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