C语言链表算法实战：18个问题挑战与提升复杂指针技巧
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更新于2024-08-02
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"链接列表文档（Link List Doc）是一份针对初学者和进阶程序员的宝贵资源，它专注于C语言中的链表数据结构及其相关算法。该文档旨在通过解决18个不同难度级别的链表问题，帮助读者深入了解链表的工作原理以及提升复杂的指针操作技巧。尽管现代编程语言已经普遍采用数组和其他数据结构，但链表仍然是锻炼和深化指针算法理解的关键。
学习链接列表的重要性在于，它们不仅是基础数据结构，还能锻炼处理动态内存分配、节点连接与断开、递归和迭代等高级概念的能力。文档中涉及的问题包括但不限于：
1. 计数（Count）：掌握如何遍历链表并统计元素数量。
2. 获取第N个元素（GetNth）：学会定位和访问特定位置的节点。
3. 删除链表（DeleteList）：实现删除指定节点或整个链表的操作。
4. 弹出（Pop）：理解如何在头部或尾部移除节点。
5. 插入第N个元素（InsertNth）：学习在指定位置插入新节点。
6. 排序插入（SortedInsert）：练习高效地将新元素插入保持有序的链表。
7. 插入排序（InsertSort）：了解链表如何应用排序算法。
8. 追加（Append）：实现链表尾部的追加操作。
9. 前后部分分离（FrontBackSplit）：理解如何按顺序分割链表。
10. 移除重复元素（RemoveDuplicates）：探讨去重算法在链表中的实现。
11. 移动节点（MoveNode）：掌握节点移动的技巧，可能涉及到复杂指针操作。
12. 交替拆分（AlternatingSplit）：挑战对链表进行非连续分割。
13. 随机混合（ShuffleMerge）：涉及链表的随机化操作，如合并和打乱。
14. 排序（Sort）：探究链表排序的各种方法，如比较排序算法的链表实现。
文档特别强调，这些问题的解决方案主要关注指针操作的核心概念，而不是特定语言特性。因此，即使你是C语言的初学者，通过解决这些问题，也将有助于你在其他编程语言中运用类似技巧。这是一份实用且富有挑战性的学习资料，对于提升程序员的链表操作技能和抽象思维能力具有重要作用。"
need a pointer to the node just before that position, so you can change its .next field.
Many list problems include the sub-problem of advancing a pointer to the node before the
point of insertion or deletion. The one exception is if the operation falls on the first node
in the list — in that case the head pointer itself must be changed. The following examples
show the various ways code can handle the single head case and all the interior cases...
7
5. Build — Special Case + Tail Pointer
Consider the problem of building up the list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by appending the nodes to the
tail end. The difficulty is that the very first node must be added at the head pointer, but all
the other nodes are inserted after the last node using a tail pointer. The simplest way to
deal with both cases is to just have two separate cases in the code. Special case code first
adds the head node {1}. Then there is a separate loop that uses a tail pointer to add all the
other nodes. The tail pointer is kept pointing at the last node, and each new node is added
at tail->next. The only "problem" with this solution is that writing separate special
case code for the first node is a little unsatisfying. Nonetheless, this approach is a solid
one for production code — it is simple and runs fast.
struct node* BuildWithSpecialCase() {
struct node* head = NULL;
struct node* tail;
int i;
// Deal with the head node here, and set the tail pointer
Push(&head, 1);
tail = head;
// Do all the other nodes using 'tail'
for (i=2; i<6; i++) {
Push(&(tail->next), i); // add node at tail->next
tail = tail->next; // advance tail to point to last node
}
return(head); // head == {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
}
6. Build — Temporary Dummy Node
This is a slightly unusual technique that can be used to shorten the code: Use a temporary
dummy node at the head of the list during the computation. The trick is that with the
dummy, every node appears to be added after the .next field of some other node. That
way the code for the first node is the same as for the other nodes. The tail pointer plays
the same role as in the previous example. The difference is that now it also handles the
first node as well.
struct node* BuildWithDummyNode() {
struct node dummy; // Dummy node is temporarily the first node
struct node* tail = &dummy; // Start the tail at the dummy.
// Build the list on dummy.next (aka tail->next)
int i;
dummy.next = NULL;
for (i=1; i<6; i++) {
Push(&(tail->next), i);
tail = tail->next;
}
// The real result list is now in dummy.next
// dummy.next == {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
return(dummy.next);
}
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