Code Complete 2nd Edition: Steve McConnell's Software Development Guide

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"微软出版社的《Code Complete》是关于编码标准和相关问题的简要介绍，提供的资源是本书的PDF版本。" 《Code Complete》是由Steven C. McConnell编写的，是软件开发领域的一本经典著作，尤其在编程实践中享有极高的声誉。这本书的第二版详细探讨了软件构建过程中的各种技术和策略，旨在帮助程序员编写出更高质量、更易于维护的代码。书中的内容涵盖了从项目规划到具体实现的各个环节，包括设计决策、代码结构、调试、测试等多个方面。书中的重点知识点包括： 1. **编程习惯**：强调了良好的编程习惯对提高代码质量的重要性，如注释规范、命名约定和代码整洁性等。 2. **设计模式与重构**：介绍了多种设计模式，如何利用它们来解决常见的编程问题，并讲解了代码重构的技术，以改善代码结构，提高可读性和可维护性。 3. **项目管理**：讨论了如何进行有效的项目规划，包括需求分析、时间估计和风险管理，以确保项目的顺利进行。 4. **代码结构与组织**：详细阐述了如何组织代码，使其逻辑清晰，易于理解和扩展，提倡模块化和分层设计原则。 5. **错误处理**：探讨了错误检测和异常处理的最佳实践，如何编写健壮的错误处理代码，以防止程序崩溃。 6. **调试技术**：提供了多种调试技巧和工具，帮助程序员快速定位和修复问题。 7. **性能优化**：讲解了如何通过分析和优化代码来提升程序性能，同时强调不应过早优化，应优先考虑代码的可读性和可维护性。 8. **团队协作与沟通**：讨论了团队开发中的协作问题，如版本控制、代码审查和团队沟通，以促进高效合作。 9. **软件工程原则**：引入了软件工程的一些基本概念和原则，如DRY（Don't Repeat Yourself）和KISS（Keep It Simple, Stupid）。 10. **持续学习与改进**：鼓励程序员保持学习态度，不断更新知识，适应技术发展，并从错误中学习，以提升个人和团队的整体能力。这本书不仅是初学者的宝贵教材，也是经验丰富的开发者的参考资料。通过阅读《Code Complete》，程序员可以深入理解软件开发的各个方面，从而提高他们的专业技能和编写更高质量的代码。书中包含的实用建议和深入洞察，对于任何想提升自己编程水平的人来说都是不可或缺的。

xvi Table of Contents

32 Self-Documenting Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.1 External Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.2 Programming Style as Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

32.3 To Comment or Not to Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

32.4 Keys to Effective Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

32.5 Commenting Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

32.6 IEEE Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

33 Personal Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

33.1 Isn’t Personal Character Off the Topic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

33.2 Intelligence and Humility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

33.3 Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

33.4 Intellectual Honesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

33.5 Communication and Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

33.6 Creativity and Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

33.7 Laziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.8 Characteristics That Don’t Matter As Much As You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.9 Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

34 Themes in Software Craftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.1 Conquer Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.2 Pick Your Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

34.3 Write Programs for People First, Computers Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

34.4 Program into Your Language, Not in It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

34.5 Focus Your Attention with the Help of Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

34.6 Program in Terms of the Problem Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

34.7 Watch for Falling Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

34.8 Iterate, Repeatedly, Again and Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

34.9 Thou Shalt Rend Software and Religion Asunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

xix

Preface

The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice

is very wide—perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that

disseminates good practice would be important.

—Fred Brooks

My primary concern in writing this book has been to narrow the gap between the

knowledge of industry gurus and professors on the one hand and common commer-

cial practice on the other. Many powerful programming techniques hide in journals

and academic papers for years before trickling down to the programming public.

Although leading-edge software-development practice has advanced rapidly in recent

years, common practice hasn’t. Many programs are still buggy, late, and over budget,

and many fail to satisfy the needs of their users. Researchers in both the software

industry and academic settings have discovered effective practices that eliminate most

of the programming problems that have been prevalent since the 1970s. Because

these practices aren’t often reported outside the pages of highly specialized technical

journals, however, most programming organizations aren’t yet using them today.

Studies have found that it typically takes 5 to 15 years or more for a research develop-

ment to make its way into commercial practice (Raghavan and Chand 1989, Rogers

1995, Parnas 1999). This handbook shortcuts the process, making key discoveries

available to the average programmer now.

Who Should Read This Book?

The research and programming experience collected in this handbook will help you

to create higher-quality software and to do your work more quickly and with fewer

problems. This book will give you insight into why you’ve had problems in the past

and will show you how to avoid problems in the future. The programming practices

described here will help you keep big projects under control and help you maintain

and modify software successfully as the demands of your projects change.

Experienced Programmers

This handbook serves experienced programmers who want a comprehensive, easy-to-

use guide to software development. Because this book focuses on construction, the

most familiar part of the software life cycle, it makes powerful software development

techniques understandable to self-taught programmers as well as to programmers

with formal training.

xx Preface

Technical Leads

Many technical leads have used Code Complete to educate less-experienced program-

mers on their teams. You can also use it to fill your own knowledge gaps. If you’re an

experienced programmer, you might not agree with all my conclusions (and I would be

surprised if you did), but if you read this book and think about each issue, only rarely

will someone bring up a construction issue that you haven’t previously considered.

Self-Taught Programmers

If you haven’t had much formal training, you’re in good company. About 50,000 new

developers enter the profession each year (BLS 2004, Hecker 2004), but only about

35,000 software-related degrees are awarded each year (NCES 2002). From these fig-

ures it’s a short hop to the conclusion that many programmers don’t receive a formal

education in software development. Self-taught programmers are found in the emerg-

ing group of professionals—engineers, accountants, scientists, teachers, and small-

business owners—who program as part of their jobs but who do not necessarily view

themselves as programmers. Regardless of the extent of your programming educa-

tion, this handbook can give you insight into effective programming practices.

Students

The counterpoint to the programmer with experience but little formal training is the

fresh college graduate. The recent graduate is often rich in theoretical knowledge but

poor in the practical know-how that goes into building production programs. The

practical lore of good coding is often passed down slowly in the ritualistic tribal

dances of software architects, project leads, analysts, and more-experienced program-

mers. Even more often, it’s the product of the individual programmer’s trials and

errors. This book is an alternative to the slow workings of the traditional intellectual

potlatch. It pulls together the helpful tips and effective development strategies previ-

ously available mainly by hunting and gathering from other people’s experience. It’s a

hand up for the student making the transition from an academic environment to a

professional one.

Where Else Can You Find This Information?

This book synthesizes construction techniques from a variety of sources. In addition

to being widely scattered, much of the accumulated wisdom about construction has

resided outside written sources for years (Hildebrand 1989, McConnell 1997a).

There is nothing mysterious about the effective, high-powered programming tech-

niques used by expert programmers. In the day-to-day rush of grinding out the latest

project, however, few experts take the time to share what they have learned. Conse-

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