MPEG-4标准概述：ISO/IEC 14496国际标准详解

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MPEG-4标准下载 MPEG-4是一种国际标准，用于图像视频编码，于1998年10月finalized，1999年初成为国际标准。该标准由Moving Picture Experts Group（MPEG）开发，其前身为MPEG-1和MPEG-2标准，这些标准使得交互式视频在CD-ROM和数字电视上成为可能。 MPEG-4标准的发展是由全球数百名研究员和工程师共同努力的结果。该标准的正式名称是ISO/IEC 14496，于2000年初获得国际标准地位。MPEG-4标准有多个版本，其中MPEG-4 Version 2于1999年末完成，并于2000年初获得国际标准地位。 MPEG-4标准的主要特点是它能够对视频和音频进行编码和压缩，使得数字视频的存储和传输变得更加高效。该标准还支持交互式多媒体应用程序，例如视频点播、视频会议和虚拟现实等。 MPEG-4标准的应用非常广泛，包括数字电视、DVD、流媒体、视频点播、虚拟现实等领域。该标准的发展也推动了数字媒体的发展，使得数字媒体变得更加丰富多样。在流媒体和视频处理编程中，MPEG-4标准扮演着非常重要的角色。该标准提供了一个通用的框架，使得开发者可以轻松地开发出高质量的数字视频应用程序。同时，该标准也提供了许多高级特性，例如错误恢复、数据隐藏和数字签名等，使得数字视频的安全性和可靠性得到了提高。 MPEG-4标准是一个非常重要的国际标准，对于数字媒体的发展产生了深远的影响。该标准的应用非常广泛，包括数字电视、DVD、流媒体、视频点播、虚拟现实等领域。此外，MPEG-4标准也提供了许多实用的工具和技术，使得开发者可以轻松地开发出高质量的数字视频应用程序。例如，该标准提供了一个通用的框架，使得开发者可以轻松地实现视频编码、解码、传输和播放等功能。此外，该标准还提供了许多高级特性，例如错误恢复、数据隐藏和数字签名等，使得数字视频的安全性和可靠性得到了提高。 MPEG-4标准是一个非常重要的国际标准，对于数字媒体的发展产生了深远的影响。该标准的应用非常广泛，包括数字电视、DVD、流媒体、视频点播、虚拟现实等领域。同时，该标准也提供了许多实用的工具和技术，使得开发者可以轻松地开发出高质量的数字视频应用程序。

?bitrates: typically between 5 kbit/s and 10 Mbit/s

?Formats: progressive as well as interlaced video

?Resolutions: typically from sub-QCIF to beyond HDTV

2.4.2 Compression Efficiency

•

Efficient compression of video will be supported for all bit rates addressed.

This includes the compact coding of textures with a quality adjustable between

"acceptable" for very high compression ratios up to "near lossless".

?Efficient compression of textures for texture mapping on 2-D and 3-D meshes.

?Random access of video to allow functionalities such as pause, fast forward

and fast reverse of stored video.

2.4.3 Content-Based Functionalities

•

Content-based coding of images and video to allow separate decoding and

reconstruction of arbitrarily shaped video objects.

?Random access of content in video sequences to allow functionalities such as

pause, fast forward and fast reverse of stored video objects.

?Extended manipulation of content in video sequences to allow functionalities

such as warping of synthetic or natural text, textures, image and video

overlays on reconstructed video content. An example is the mapping of text in

front of a moving video object where the text moves coherently with the

object.

2.4.4 Scalability of Textures, Images and Video

•

Complexity scalability in the encoder allows encoders of different complexity

to generate valid and meaningful bitstreams for a given texture, image or

video.

?Complexity scalability in the decoder allows a given texture, image or video

bitstream to be decoded by decoders of different levels of complexity. The

reconstructed quality, in general, is related to the complexity of the decoder

used. This may entail that less powerful decoders decode only a part of the

bitstream.

?Spatial scalability allows decoders to decode a subset of the total bitstream

generated by the encoder to reconstruct and display textures, images and video

objects at reduced spatial resolution. For textures and still images, a

maximum of 11 levels of spatial scalability will be supported. For video

sequences, a maximum of three levels will be supported.

?Temporal scalability allows decoders to decode a subset of the total

bitstream generated by the encoder to reconstruct and display video at reduced

temporal resolution. A maximum of three levels will be supported.

?Quality scalability allows a bitstream to be parsed into a number of

bitstream layers of different bitrate such that the combination of a subset of

the layers can still be decoded into a meaningful signal. The bitstream

parsing can occur either during transmission or in the decoder. The

reconstructed quality, in general, is related to the number of layers used for

decoding and reconstruction.

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2.4.5 Shape and Alpha Channel Coding

•

Shape coding will be supported to assist the description and composition of

conventional images and video as well as arbitrarily shaped video objects.

Applications that benefit from binary shape maps with images are content based

image representations for image data bases, interactive games, surveillance,

and animation. Efficient techniques are provided that allow efficient coding

of binary shape. A binary alpha map defines whether or not a pixel belongs to

an object. It can be ‘ on’ or ‘ off’ .

•

‘ Gray Scale’ or ‘ alpha’ Shape Coding

An alpha plane defines the ‘ transparency’ of an object, which is not

necessarily uniform. Multilevel alpha maps are frequently used to blend

different layers of image sequences. Other applications that benefit from

associated binary alpha maps with images are content based image

representations for image databases, interactive games, surveillance, and

animation. Efficient techniques are provided, that allow efficient coding of

binary as well as gray scale alpha planes. A binary alpha map defines whether

or not a pixel belongs to an object. It can be ‘ on’ or ‘ off’ . A gray scale

map offers the possibility to define the exact transparency of each pixel.

2.4.6 Robustness in Error Prone Environments

Error resilience will be supported to assist the access of image and video

over a wide range of storage and transmission media. This includes the useful

operation of image and video compression algorithms in error-prone

environments at low bit-rates (i.e., less than 64 Kbps). Tools are provided

which address both the band limited nature and error resiliency aspects for

access over wireless networks.

2.4.7 Face Animation

The ‘ Face Animation’ part of the standard allow sending parameters that

calibrate and animate synthetic faces. These models themselves are not

standardized by MPEG-4, only the parameters are.

?Definition and coding of face animation parameters (model independent):

?Feature point positions and orientations to animate the face definition

meshes

?Visemes, or visual lip configurations equivalent to speech phonemes

?Definition and coding of face definition parameters (for model calibration):

?3-D feature point positions

?3-D head calibration meshes for animation

?Texture map of face

?Personal characteristics

?Facial texture coding

2.4.8 Coding of 2-D Meshes with Implicit Structure

•

Mesh-based prediction and animated texture transfiguration

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supported based on the efficient coding of multiple images or video sequences.

A particular example is the coding of stereoscopic images or video by

redundancy reduction of information contained between the images of different

views.

See Section 9 for more detail.

3.2.2 Body animation

Version 2 adds Body Animation to the Face Animation already present in V.1

3.2.3 Coding of 3-D Polygonal Meshes

Version 2 MPEG-4 provides a suite of tools for coding 3-D polygonal meshes.

Polygonal meshes are widely used as a generic representation of 3-D objects.

The underlying technologies compress the connectivity, geometry, and

properties such as shading normals, colors and texture coordinates of 3-D

polygonal meshes.

3.3 Audio

MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 is an extension to MPEG-4 Audio Version 1. It adds new

tools and functionalities to the MPEG-4 Standard, while none of the existing

tools of Version 1 is replaced. The following additional functionalities are

provided by MPEG-4 Audio Version 2:

?Increased error robustness

?Audio coding that couples high quality to low delay

?Fine Grain scalability (scalability resolution down to 1 kbit/s per channel)

?Parametric Audio Coding to allow sound manipulation at low speeds

?CELP Silence compression, to further lower bitrates in speech conding

?Error resilient parametric speech coding

?Environmental spatialization – the possibility to recreate sound environment

using perceptual and/or physical modeling techniques

?A back channel that is helpful to adjust encoding or scalable play out in

real time

?A low overhead, MPEG-4caudio-specific transport mechanism

See Section 10, Detailed technical description of MPEG-4 Audio

3.4 DMIF

The major features introduced by DMIF Version 2 cover (limited) support to

mobile networks and QoS monitoring. A few minor additions were introduced as

well.

3.4.1 Support to mobile networks

In conjunction with ITU-T, the H.245 specification has been extended (H.245v6)

to include support to MPEG-4 Systems; the DMIF specification provides the

appropriate walkthrough and mapping to H.245 signals. Mobile terminals can now

use MPEG-4 Systems features such as BIFS and OD streams, although with some

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