Physics Letters B 743 (2015) 526–530
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Precise measurement of the
222
Rn half-life: A probe to monitor the
stability of radioactivity
E. Bellotti
a
, C. Broggini
b,∗
, G. Di Carlo
c
, M. Laubenstein
c
, R. Menegazzo
b
a
Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
b
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
c
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ), Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
30 January 2015
Received
in revised form 11 March 2015
Accepted
11 March 2015
Available
online 16 March 2015
Editor: L.
Rolandi
Keywords:
Radioactivity
Radon
Gran
Sasso
We give the results of a study on the
222
Rn decay we performed in the Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS)
by detecting the gamma rays from the radon progeny. The motivation was to monitor the stability of
radioactivity measuring several times per year the half-life of a short lifetime (days) source instead
of measuring over a long period the activity of a long lifetime (tens or hundreds of years) source. In
particular, we give a possible reason of the large periodical fluctuations in the count rate of the gamma
rays due to radon inside a closed canister which has been described in literature and which has been
attributed to a possible influence of a component in the solar irradiation affecting the nuclear decay
rates. We then provide the result of four half-life measurements we performed underground at LNGS in
the period from May 2014 to January 2015 with radon diffused into olive oil. Briefly, we did not measure
any change of the
222
Rn half-life with a 8 · 10
−5
precision. Finally, we provide the most precise value for
the
222
Rn half-life: 3.82146(16)
stat
(4)
syst
days.
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP
3
.
1. Introduction
A possible time dependence of the radioactive nuclei decay con-
stant
has been searched for since the beginning of the science of
radioactivity. For instance, in the Ph.D. of M. Curie [1] one can
already find the description of the search for a difference in the
radioactivity of uranium between midday and midnight. Recently,
in particular since the year 2009 [2], various experiments have re-
ported
evidence of a time modulation of the decay constant of
several radioactive nuclei with period, in most cases, of one year
(but also of about one month or one day) and amplitude at the per
mil level. This annual modulation, with the maximum in February
and the minimum in August, has been correlated to the change
of the Sun–Earth distance between aphelion and perihelion; how-
ever
different measurements exclude any modulation as large as
the reported ones (for recent reviews on results with and without
modulation [3,4]).
In
[2,5] the existence of new and unknown particle interaction
has been advocated to explain the yearly variation in the activ-
ity
of radioactive sources, with the particle being emitted from
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail
address: broggini@pd.infn.it (C. Broggini).
the Sun. In [4] the possibility that the coupling to a long range
scalar field, sourced by the Sun, might be the origin of the modu-
lation
has been quantitatively discussed. The laboratory constraints
on the variation of α
em
and of the electron to proton mass ra-
tio
on an annual timescale turned out to induce upper bounds to
the relative variation of the decay constant nine orders of magni-
tude
lower than the claimed per mil effect. Solar neutrinos have
also been proposed as responsible for the modulation, with a cross
section several orders of magnitude higher than expected. In par-
ticular,
the possibility for anti-neutrinos affecting the β
+
decay of
22
Na has been very recently studied in a reactor experiment [6].
Since
we believe that dedicated experiments are still needed
to clarify the somehow contradictory situation, in this letter we
describe the results of a different approach we pursue to monitor
the time dependence of radioactivity.
Generally,
a long lifetime source (tens or hundreds of years) is
selected and its activity is measured for a period of at least one
year. This way both the count rate and the dead time are almost
constant. We also followed this approach in the study of
137
Cs [7],
40
K and
232
Th [8,4]. However, during such a long period of time
several things may change, such as the laboratory pressure, tem-
perature
and humidity, the radioactive background, the electronic
noise, and the performances of the electronic chain. It is not easy
to keep all these under control if looking for a variation at the per
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.03.021
0370-2693/
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by
SCOAP
3
.