NFCIP-1协议详解：近场通信接口与协议

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"NFC协议NFCIP-1是近场通信（Near Field Communication）设备间进行简单无线通信的接口和协议标准，由ECMA-340规定。该标准定义了106kbps、212kbps和424kbps三种数据传输速率的通信模式，并适用于网络产品和消费电子设备中的应用。第二版与ISO/IEC18092:2004进行了协调，并引用了NFCIP-1测试方法标准ECMA-356和ECMA-362。" NFC（Near Field Communication）是一种短距离无线通信技术，它允许两个设备在非常接近时交换数据。NFCIP-1（NFC Interface and Protocol）是NFC技术的核心部分，定义了设备之间的通信接口和协议，确保不同设备间的兼容性和互操作性。 NFCIP-1协议主要包括以下几个方面： 1. **通信模式**：NFCIP-1支持两种通信模式——主动模式和被动模式。主动模式中，一个设备作为发起者，通过发送射频场激活另一个设备；被动模式下，设备作为响应者，仅在接收到射频场时才开始数据传输。 2. **调制方式**：NFC使用ASK（Amplitude Shift Keying）调制，这是一种基于载波幅度变化来编码数字信号的方法。在NFCIP-1中，调制方式影响数据传输速率和通信效率。 3. **数据编码**：NFC支持多种数据编码格式，如二进制编码（Binary Coded Decimal，BCD），用于将十进制数字转换为二进制形式进行传输。 4. **碰撞处理**：在多个设备试图同时通信时，NFCIP-1定义了碰撞检测和解决机制，以防止数据混乱和错误传输。 5. **帧结构**：数据被组织成帧进行传输，每个帧包含起始和结束标志、控制信息以及数据包。帧结构确保了数据传输的完整性和正确性。 6. **标准和一致性**：NFCIP-1遵循并与其他相关国际标准如ISO/IEC18092保持一致，这有助于在全球范围内推广和应用NFC技术。同时，NFCIP-1还引用了测试方法标准ECMA-356和ECMA-362，用于验证设备是否符合NFCIP-1规范。 NFC技术广泛应用于移动支付、门禁系统、智能海报、电子票务、数据交换等领域。通过NFCIP-1，用户可以实现手机与POS机、手机与智能卡、手机与电脑等设备间的快速配对和数据交换，极大地便利了日常生活和商业活动。

1 Scope

This Standard defines communication modes for Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol

(NFCIP-1) using inductive coupled devices operating at the centre frequency of 13,56 MHz for

interconnection of computer peripherals. It also defines both the Active and the Passive

communication modes of Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) to realize a

communication network using Near Field Communication devices for networked products and also

for consumer equipment. This Standard specifies, in particular, modulation schemes, codings,

transfer speeds, and frame format of the RF interface, as well as initialization schemes and

conditions required for data collision control during initialization. Furthermore, this Standard defines

a transport protocol including protocol activation and data exchange methods.

Information interchange between systems also requires, at a minimum, agreement between the

interchange parties upon the interchange codes and the data structure.

2 Conformance

In addition to passing all normative tests and meeting all requirements specified in ECMA-356 and

ECMA-362, conforming implementations implement both the Active and the Passive communication

modes and meet all other requirements specified in ECMA-340.

3 Normative references

ECMA-356 NFCIP-1 - RF Interface Test Methods

ECMA-362 NFCIP-1 - Protocol Test Methods

ITU-T V.41:1988 Code-independent error-control system

4 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Standard, the following definitions apply.

4.1 Active communication mode

Move in which both the Initiator and the Target use their own RF field to enable the

communication

4.2 ASK modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying, in which the amplitude of the carrier frequency is modulated according to

the logic of the data to be transmitted

NOTE

The degree of modulation is expressed by (a

−

b)/(a + b)

100 [%], where a and b respectively represent the

maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated signal waveform.

4.3 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

A system for representing each of the decimal numbers 0 to 9 by a four-bit binary code

NOTE

The bits, from left to right, are worth 8, 4, 2 and 1 respectively in decimal, so for example the number 6 in

BCD is 0110.

4.4 Collision

Transmission by two or more Targets or Initiators during the same time period, such that the

Initiator or the Target is unable to distinguish from which Target the data originated

- 1 -

4.5 Frame

Sequence of data bits and optional error detection bits, with frame delimiters at start and end

4.6 HThreshold

The minimum value of an external RF field that a NFCIP-1 device shall detect in order not to

disturb ongoing communication by ensuring that its own RF field is switched off

4.7 Initiator

Generator of the RF field and starter of the NFCIP-1 communication

4.8 Load modulation

Process of amplitude modulating a radio frequency field by varying the properties of a resonant

circuit placed within the radio frequency field

4.9 lsb first

least significant bit first, indicating a serial data transmission system that sends lsb before all

other bits

4.10 LSB first

Least Significant Byte first, indicating a serial data transmission system that sends LSB before all

other bytes

4.11 Manchester coding

Method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by a sequence of

two defined physical states of a communication medium

NOTE

The order of the physical states within the sequence defines the logical state. The coding system which

divides into half at the changing point in the middle point of bit self-sustaining time, and makes the direction

of the changes correspond to two logic value.

4.12 Modulation index

Defined as (a – b)/(a + b) where a and b are the peak and the minimum signal amplitude

respectively with the value of the index possibly expressed as a percentage

NOTE

When the maximum amplitude of the modulated signal waveform is set to a and the minimum value is set to

b, the degree of abnormal conditions is usually expressed as a percent.

4.13 msb first

most significant bit indicating a serial data transmission system that sends the msb before all

other bits

4.14 MSB first

Most Significant Byte indicating a serial data transmission system that sends the MSB before all

other bytes

4.15 NFCIP-1 device

General term for either an Initiator or a Target communicating in the Active or the Passive

communication mode

4.16 NFC Identifier (NFCIDn)

A randomly generated number used by the RF Collision Avoidance and Single Device Detection

sequence for both the Active and the Passive communication modes

- 2 -

4.17 Passive communication mode

When the Initiator is generating the RF field and the Target responds to an Initiator command in a

load modulation scheme

4.18 RF Collision Avoidance (RFCA)

Method to detect the presence of a RF field based on the carrier frequency and method to detect

and resolve collisions on protocol level

4.19 SEL_PAR

Total number of valid bits of NFCID1 CLn including SEL_CMD and SEL_PAR transmitted by the

Initiator

4.20 Sensing

An NFCIP-1 device in the Active communication mode expecting a Response to a Request it has

sent on the RF field to detect the start of communication to receive the Request

4.21 Single Device Detection (SDD)

An algorithm used by the initiator to detect one out of several Targets in its RF field

4.22 Subcarrier

Signal of frequency (fs) used to modulate a carrier of frequency (fc)

4.23 Target

Responds to Initiator command either using load modulation scheme (RF field generated by

Initiator) or using modulation of self generated RF field

4.24 Time Period

Defines the number of slots used for RF Collision Avoidance

4.25 Time Slot

Method of preparing a time window when a Target answers, and assigning and identifying two or

more logic channels

4.26 Transaction

Includes the initialization and the transparent data exchange between an Initiator and a Target

either in the Active or the Passive communication mode

5 Conventions and notations

5.1 Representation of numbers

The following conventions and notations apply in this document unless otherwise stated.

− Letters and digits in parentheses represent numbers in hexadecimal notation.

− The setting of bits is denoted by ZERO or ONE.

− Numbers in binary notation and bit patterns are represented by strings of digits 0 and 1 shown

with the most significant bit to the left. Within such strings, X may be used to indicate that the

setting of a bit is not specified within the string.

5.2 Names

The names of basic elements, e.g. specific fields, are written with a capital initial letter.

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