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Oracle 11gR2 数据库管理员实战指南
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更新于2024-07-24
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"Oracle® Database Administrator's Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10595-06"
Oracle 11g R2数据库管理员官方指南是Oracle公司发布的一本详尽的技术参考资料,专为管理Oracle 11g第二版数据库系统设计。这本书由Steve Fogel作为主要作者,以及一众贡献者共同编写,包含了2001年至2009年间的知识更新。它涵盖了数据库管理的各种核心主题,旨在帮助DBA(数据库管理员)有效管理和优化Oracle数据库环境。
本书的关键知识点包括但不限于以下部分:
1. **安装与配置**:介绍如何在不同的操作系统平台上安装Oracle数据库软件,以及配置数据库实例、网络和服务。这涉及到Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) 和其他工具的使用。
2. **数据库创建与管理**:详述如何创建、启动、关闭和迁移数据库,以及管理数据文件、控制文件、重做日志文件和系统表空间等。
3. **性能监控与调优**:讲解了使用SQL*Plus、Enterprise Manager (EM) 和其他工具进行性能分析和调优的方法,包括SQL查询优化、数据库缓存管理、索引策略等。
4. **安全性**:讨论了用户管理和权限控制,如角色、权限、加密、审计和访问控制列表(ACLs)的设置。
5. **备份与恢复**:介绍了Oracle的RMAN(Recovery Manager)工具,用于执行数据库备份、增量备份和恢复操作,以及数据保护策略如闪回技术和归档日志模式。
6. **高可用性与故障恢复**:涉及RAC(Real Application Clusters)集群技术,使数据库能在多台服务器上运行,提供故障切换和负载均衡功能。
7. **存储管理**:讨论了ASM(Automatic Storage Management)自动存储管理,简化存储设备的管理和数据分布。
8. **数据仓库与OLAP**:简述如何利用Oracle的数据仓库特性支持决策支持系统,如星型和雪花模型的构建,以及OLAP(在线分析处理)操作。
9. **数据库维护**:包括日常的数据库维护任务,如空间管理、数据库维护计划的设定、数据库的升级和迁移。
10. **故障诊断与问题解决**:提供了识别和解决数据库问题的策略,包括日志分析、错误代码解析和使用跟踪文件。
11. **网格计算与Oracle Grid Infrastructure**:介绍了Oracle的网格计算概念,以及Grid Infrastructure组件的管理,如OCR(Oracle Cluster Registry)和 Voting Disks。
12. **自动化管理**:阐述了通过EM Cloud Control实现的数据库自动化管理,包括自动备份、性能监控和警报设置。
13. **Oracle数据库服务**:讲解了如何配置和管理数据库服务,以提供特定的应用程序需求。
通过阅读这本官方指南,Oracle数据库管理员可以获取全面的理论知识和实践经验,以便更好地管理和维护Oracle 11g R2数据库环境,确保其高效、稳定和安全运行。
xvi
Placing a Table in Read-Only Mode........................................................................................... 19-28
Redefining Tables Online.................................................................................................................. 19-29
Features of Online Table Redefinition ....................................................................................... 19-30
Performing Online Redefinition with DBMS_REDEFINITION............................................. 19-31
Results of the Redefinition Process............................................................................................. 19-35
Performing Intermediate Synchronization................................................................................ 19-36
Aborting Online Table Redefinition and Cleaning Up After Errors ..................................... 19-36
Restrictions for Online Redefinition of Tables.......................................................................... 19-36
Online Redefinition of a Single Partition................................................................................... 19-37
Online Table Redefinition Examples.......................................................................................... 19-39
Privileges Required for the DBMS_REDEFINITION Package............................................... 19-45
Researching and Reversing Erroneous Table Changes................................................................ 19-45
Recovering Tables Using Oracle Flashback Table ........................................................................ 19-46
Dropping Tables .................................................................................................................................. 19-46
Using Flashback Drop and Managing the Recycle Bin ............................................................... 19-47
What Is the Recycle Bin? .............................................................................................................. 19-48
Enabling and Disabling the Recycle Bin.................................................................................... 19-49
Viewing and Querying Objects in the Recycle Bin .................................................................. 19-49
Purging Objects in the Recycle Bin............................................................................................. 19-50
Restoring Tables from the Recycle Bin....................................................................................... 19-50
Managing Index-Organized Tables ................................................................................................ 19-52
What Are Index-Organized Tables?........................................................................................... 19-52
Creating Index-Organized Tables............................................................................................... 19-53
Maintaining Index-Organized Tables ........................................................................................ 19-57
Creating Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables....................................................... 19-59
Analyzing Index-Organized Tables ........................................................................................... 19-60
Using the ORDER BY Clause with Index-Organized Tables.................................................. 19-61
Converting Index-Organized Tables to Regular Tables.......................................................... 19-61
Managing External Tables ................................................................................................................. 19-61
About External Tables .................................................................................................................. 19-62
Creating External Tables.............................................................................................................. 19-63
Altering External Tables............................................................................................................... 19-65
Preprocessing External Tables..................................................................................................... 19-66
Dropping External Tables............................................................................................................ 19-67
System and Object Privileges for External Tables.................................................................... 19-68
Tables Data Dictionary Views .......................................................................................................... 19-68
20 Managing Indexes
About Indexes ........................................................................................................................................ 20-1
Guidelines for Managing Indexes ..................................................................................................... 20-2
Create Indexes After Inserting Table Data .................................................................................. 20-2
Index the Correct Tables and Columns ....................................................................................... 20-3
Order Index Columns for Performance....................................................................................... 20-3
Limit the Number of Indexes for Each Table.............................................................................. 20-4
Drop Indexes That Are No Longer Required ............................................................................ 20-4
Estimate Index Size and Set Storage Parameters........................................................................ 20-4
Specify the Tablespace for Each Index......................................................................................... 20-5
xvii
Consider Parallelizing Index Creation......................................................................................... 20-5
Consider Creating Indexes with NOLOGGING ........................................................................ 20-5
Understand When to Use Unusable or Invisible Indexes ......................................................... 20-5
Consider Costs and Benefits of Coalescing or Rebuilding Indexes......................................... 20-7
Consider Cost Before Disabling or Dropping Constraints........................................................ 20-8
Creating Indexes.................................................................................................................................... 20-8
Creating an Index Explicitly.......................................................................................................... 20-8
Creating a Unique Index Explicitly .............................................................................................. 20-9
Creating an Index Associated with a Constraint........................................................................ 20-9
Collecting Incidental Statistics when Creating an Index......................................................... 20-10
Creating a Large Index................................................................................................................. 20-11
Creating an Index Online............................................................................................................. 20-11
Creating a Function-Based Index................................................................................................ 20-11
Creating a Key-Compressed Index............................................................................................. 20-12
Creating an Unusable Index........................................................................................................ 20-13
Creating an Invisible Index.......................................................................................................... 20-14
Altering Indexes .................................................................................................................................. 20-14
Altering Storage Characteristics of an Index............................................................................. 20-15
Rebuilding an Existing Index ...................................................................................................... 20-15
Making an Index Unusable.......................................................................................................... 20-16
Making an Index Invisible ........................................................................................................... 20-17
Renaming an Index....................................................................................................................... 20-18
Monitoring Index Usage .............................................................................................................. 20-18
Monitoring Space Use of Indexes .................................................................................................... 20-18
Dropping Indexes................................................................................................................................ 20-19
Indexes Data Dictionary Views ........................................................................................................ 20-19
21 Managing Clusters
About Clusters ....................................................................................................................................... 21-1
Guidelines for Managing Clusters .................................................................................................... 21-2
Choose Appropriate Tables for the Cluster ................................................................................ 21-3
Choose Appropriate Columns for the Cluster Key.................................................................... 21-3
Specify the Space Required by an Average Cluster Key and Its Associated Rows .............. 21-3
Specify the Location of Each Cluster and Cluster Index Rows ................................................ 21-4
Estimate Cluster Size and Set Storage Parameters..................................................................... 21-4
Creating Clusters ................................................................................................................................... 21-4
Creating Clustered Tables.............................................................................................................. 21-5
Creating Cluster Indexes................................................................................................................ 21-5
Altering Clusters ................................................................................................................................... 21-6
Altering Clustered Tables .............................................................................................................. 21-6
Altering Cluster Indexes ................................................................................................................ 21-7
Dropping Clusters................................................................................................................................. 21-7
Dropping Clustered Tables............................................................................................................ 21-8
Dropping Cluster Indexes.............................................................................................................. 21-8
Clusters Data Dictionary Views ......................................................................................................... 21-8
xviii
22 Managing Hash Clusters
About Hash Clusters............................................................................................................................. 22-1
When to Use Hash Clusters................................................................................................................. 22-2
Situations Where Hashing Is Useful............................................................................................. 22-2
Situations Where Hashing Is Not Advantageous ...................................................................... 22-2
Creating Hash Clusters ........................................................................................................................ 22-2
Creating a Sorted Hash Cluster..................................................................................................... 22-3
Creating Single-Table Hash Clusters ........................................................................................... 22-4
Controlling Space Use Within a Hash Cluster............................................................................ 22-4
Estimating Size Required by Hash Clusters................................................................................ 22-7
Altering Hash Clusters......................................................................................................................... 22-7
Dropping Hash Clusters ...................................................................................................................... 22-7
Hash Clusters Data Dictionary Views............................................................................................... 22-8
23 Managing Views, Sequences, and Synonyms
Managing Views.................................................................................................................................... 23-1
About Views .................................................................................................................................... 23-1
Creating Views ................................................................................................................................ 23-2
Replacing Views.............................................................................................................................. 23-4
Using Views in Queries ................................................................................................................. 23-4
Updating a Join View ..................................................................................................................... 23-6
Altering Views............................................................................................................................... 23-12
Dropping Views ............................................................................................................................ 23-12
Managing Sequences.......................................................................................................................... 23-12
About Sequences ........................................................................................................................... 23-12
Creating Sequences....................................................................................................................... 23-13
Altering Sequences........................................................................................................................ 23-13
Using Sequences............................................................................................................................ 23-14
Dropping Sequences..................................................................................................................... 23-16
Managing Synonyms.......................................................................................................................... 23-17
About Synonyms........................................................................................................................... 23-17
Creating Synonyms....................................................................................................................... 23-17
Using Synonyms in DML Statements ....................................................................................... 23-18
Dropping Synonyms..................................................................................................................... 23-18
Views, Synonyms, and Sequences Data Dictionary Views ........................................................ 23-19
24 Repairing Corrupted Data
Options for Repairing Data Block Corruption................................................................................ 24-1
About the DBMS_REPAIR Package .................................................................................................. 24-1
DBMS_REPAIR Procedures........................................................................................................... 24-2
Limitations and Restrictions.......................................................................................................... 24-2
Using the DBMS_REPAIR Package................................................................................................... 24-2
Task 1: Detect and Report Corruptions ....................................................................................... 24-3
Task 2: Evaluate the Costs and Benefits of Using DBMS_REPAIR.......................................... 24-4
Task 3: Make Objects Usable ......................................................................................................... 24-5
Task 4: Repair Corruptions and Rebuild Lost Data................................................................... 24-5
xix
DBMS_REPAIR Examples................................................................................................................... 24-5
Examples: Building a Repair Table or Orphan Key Table ........................................................ 24-6
Example: Detecting Corruption .................................................................................................... 24-7
Example: Fixing Corrupt Blocks ................................................................................................... 24-8
Example: Finding Index Entries Pointing to Corrupt Data Blocks.......................................... 24-9
Example: Skipping Corrupt Blocks .............................................................................................. 24-9
Part IV Database Resource Management and Task Scheduling
25 Managing Automated Database Maintenance Tasks
About Automated Maintenance Tasks.............................................................................................. 25-1
About Maintenance Windows ........................................................................................................... 25-2
Configuring Automated Maintenance Tasks................................................................................... 25-3
Enabling and Disabling Maintenance Tasks for all Maintenance Windows.......................... 25-3
Enabling and Disabling Maintenance Tasks for Specific Maintenance Windows ................ 25-4
Configuring Maintenance Windows ................................................................................................. 25-4
Modifying a Maintenance Window.............................................................................................. 25-4
Creating a New Maintenance Window ....................................................................................... 25-4
Removing a Maintenance Window.............................................................................................. 25-5
Configuring Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks..................................... 25-5
About Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks............................................ 25-6
Changing Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks...................................... 25-6
Automated Maintenance Tasks Reference ....................................................................................... 25-7
Predefined Maintenance Windows .............................................................................................. 25-7
Automated Maintenance Tasks Database Dictionary Views.................................................... 25-7
26 Managing Resource Allocation with Oracle Database Resource Manager
About Oracle Database Resource Manager...................................................................................... 26-1
What Problems Does the Resource Manager Address? ............................................................ 26-2
How Does the Resource Manager Address These Problems?.................................................. 26-2
Elements of the Resource Manager .............................................................................................. 26-3
About Resource Allocation Methods ........................................................................................... 26-6
About Resource Manager Administration Privileges.............................................................. 26-10
Creating a Simple Resource Plan .................................................................................................... 26-10
Creating a Complex Resource Plan.................................................................................................. 26-12
About the Pending Area .............................................................................................................. 26-13
Creating a Pending Area.............................................................................................................. 26-13
Creating Resource Consumer Groups ...................................................................................... 26-13
Creating a Resource Plan ............................................................................................................. 26-14
Creating Resource Plan Directives ............................................................................................ 26-15
Validating the Pending Area....................................................................................................... 26-19
Submitting the Pending Area...................................................................................................... 26-21
Clearing the Pending Area .......................................................................................................... 26-21
Assigning Sessions to Resource Consumer Groups..................................................................... 26-21
Overview of Assigning Sessions to Resource Consumer Groups ......................................... 26-22
Assigning an Initial Resource Consumer Group...................................................................... 26-22
xx
Manually Switching Resource Consumer Groups................................................................... 26-22
Specifying Automatic Resource Consumer Group Switching ............................................... 26-23
Specifying Session-to–Consumer Group Mapping Rules....................................................... 26-25
Enabling Users or Applications to Manually Switch Consumer Groups............................. 26-29
Granting and Revoking the Switch Privilege............................................................................ 26-30
Enabling Oracle Database Resource Manager and Switching Plans........................................ 26-32
Putting It All Together: Oracle Database Resource Manager Examples .................................. 26-33
Multilevel Plan Example.............................................................................................................. 26-34
Examples of Using the Maximum Utilization Limit Attribute............................................... 26-36
Example of Using Several Resource Allocation Methods....................................................... 26-39
An Oracle-Supplied Mixed Workload Plan .............................................................................. 26-39
Managing Multiple Database Instances on a Single Server....................................................... 26-40
About Instance Caging................................................................................................................. 26-40
Enabling Instance Caging ............................................................................................................ 26-41
Maintaining Consumer Groups, Plans, and Directives............................................................... 26-42
Updating a Consumer Group...................................................................................................... 26-42
Deleting a Consumer Group ....................................................................................................... 26-42
Updating a Plan............................................................................................................................. 26-42
Deleting a Plan............................................................................................................................... 26-43
Updating a Resource Plan Directive .......................................................................................... 26-43
Deleting a Resource Plan Directive ............................................................................................ 26-44
Viewing Database Resource Manager Configuration and Status ............................................. 26-44
Viewing Consumer Groups Granted to Users or Roles .......................................................... 26-44
Viewing Plan Information ........................................................................................................... 26-44
Viewing Current Consumer Groups for Sessions.................................................................... 26-45
Viewing the Currently Active Plans........................................................................................... 26-45
Monitoring Oracle Database Resource Manager.......................................................................... 26-45
Interacting with Operating-System Resource Control ................................................................ 26-48
Guidelines for Using Operating-System Resource Control.................................................... 26-48
Oracle Database Resource Manager Reference............................................................................. 26-49
Predefined Resource Plans and Consumer Groups................................................................. 26-49
Predefined Consumer Group Mapping Rules.......................................................................... 26-51
Resource Manager Data Dictionary Views ............................................................................... 26-52
27 Oracle Scheduler Concepts
Overview of Oracle Scheduler............................................................................................................ 27-1
About Jobs and Supporting Scheduler Objects .............................................................................. 27-3
Programs .......................................................................................................................................... 27-4
Schedules.......................................................................................................................................... 27-4
Jobs .................................................................................................................................................... 27-4
Destinations ..................................................................................................................................... 27-6
File Watchers.................................................................................................................................... 27-7
Credentials ....................................................................................................................................... 27-7
Chains ............................................................................................................................................... 27-7
Job Classes........................................................................................................................................ 27-9
Windows......................................................................................................................................... 27-10
Groups ............................................................................................................................................ 27-14
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