MAC Protocol for Opportunistic Spectrum
Access in Cognitive Radio System
Nasrullah Armi
1
, N.Mohamad Saad
1
, M.Zuki Yusoff
1
, Muhammad Arshad
1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PETRONAS University of Technology
Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
armi@ppet.lipi.go.id, naufal_saad@petronas.com.my, mzuki_yusoff@petronas.com.my,
muhammadarshad@comsats.edu.pk
Abstract— Opportunistic Spectrum Access (OSA) brings
new research challenges in MAC protocol design. It allows
unlicensed users to share licensed spectrum in space and
time with no or little interference to Primary Users (PUs).
When designing an OSA MAC protocol, one of the most
difficult but important problem is how the unlicensed users
decide when and which channel they should sense and
access without conflicting the communications among PUs.
To solve this problem, the unlicensed users should have the
ability of adaptively and dynamically seeking and exploiting
opportunities in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum and
along both the time and the frequency dimensions.
Secondary Users (SUs) as unlicensed users are required to
sense radio frequency band, and when PU are detected, they
must vacate the channel immediately within certain amount
of time. Due to hardware and energy constraints, full
spectrum availability cannot be sensed as well as they do not
monitor when there is no data to be transmitted. In this
paper, we study MAC protocol design for OSA in Cognitive
Radio (CR) ad hoc network under Partially Observable
Markov Decision Process (POMDP) algorithm that
maximizes achievable throughput for SUs with sufficient
protection to PUs. Furthermore, we study tractable greedy
algorithm to reduce the complexity of POMDP calculation.
The derivation of greedy approach proves that sensing
problem can be solved either optimally or approximate the
optimal solution. Computer simulation is used to evaluate
the performances both of optimal and sub optimal strategy.
Keywords — Dynamic spectrum access; Opportunistic
spectrum access; POMDP; Greedy algorithm; Cognitive
Radio
I. I
NTRODUCTION
Recently the licensing of the wireless spectrum is
undertaken on a long-term basis over wide geographical
regions. In order to address the critical problem of
spectrum scarcity, the FCC (Federal Communication
Commission) has approved unlicensed devices to use
license spectrum bands. Consequently, dynamic spectrum
access (DSA) techniques are proposed to solve these
current spectrum inefficiency problems as well as develop
CR networks to further improve spectrum efficiency. In
CR networks, the unlicensed devices, which is also known
as CR users or SU need to vacate the band once the
licensed device, which is also known as PU is detected.
Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) systems are one of the
most promising technologies available to increase the
range and efficiency of spectrum dependent services [1].
DSA systems locate unused spectrum, and organize their
users to operate within the spectrum they have identified.
DSA systems ensure that no interferences to other users
by scanning and sensing the spectrum environment, as the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency NeXt
Generation (DARPA XG) spectrum sharing field tests
have established, or through pre-existing knowledge,
such as the geolocation database proposed for unlicensed
access to TV band white space, or a combination of
both.[2]. Shortly, DSA affords the benefits to spectrum
allocation problems such as providing the increased
density, better system management, and inherent in-
channel and co-site interference resolution as well as it
enables opportunistic access to the spectrum for
uncoordinated sharing of spectrum on a non-interference
basis. In addition, the other projects related to DSA and
CR networks that have been developed are DIMSUMnet
project [3], DRiVE/overdrive project [4], E2R and E3 [5].
These projects aim to resolve the current inefficient usage
of spectrum band and make the radio has the ability to
intelligently recognize the status of radio spectrum
environment and adaptively change its transmission
parameter such as transmission frequency and bandwidth,
power efficiency, and modulation scheme, etc.
According to the hierarchical access model, licensed
spectrum is opened to SUs under the condition that it
does not interfere with PUs beyond a certain probability
of collision [6][7]. Spectrum underlay and overlay are
two strategies allowing the coexistence of primary and
secondary users. Underlay refers to the approach where
the transmission power of SUs is limited to be less than
the noise floor of PUs, whereas overlay does not limit the
transmit power of SUs but imposes restriction on when
and where SUs can transmit [8]. The hierarchical access
model is likely the most compatible with the current
spectrum management policies and provides better
spectrum efficiency in the licensed bands.
OSA itself is referred to as DSA, and often included as
part of the larger concept of cognitive radios. It has
emerged as a way to dramatically improve spectrum
utilization. The basic idea is to allow SUs to identify
available spectrum and characterize the presence of PUs.
According to that information, the unlicensed devices
identify communication opportunities (spectrum holes) in
frequency, time, or even code, and transmit using those
opportunities in a manner that limits the interference
perceived by PUs. Furthermore, the design of OSA MAC
2010 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ISIEA 2010), October 3-5, 2010, Penang, Malaysia
978-1-4244-7647-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE 300