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电子爱好者指南：基于项目实践的神经网络入门

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"《神经网络为电子爱好者指南》是一本于2018年发布的重要著作，专为对电子技术感兴趣的非专业读者设计，作者是Richard McKeon。本书以实践为导向，非技术性地介绍了如何在硬件层面应用神经网络，使读者能够通过项目学习理解这一复杂概念。书中的内容深入浅出，适合电子爱好者作为入门教材，它不仅涵盖了神经网络的基础理论，还提供了具体的项目案例，让读者在动手操作中体验神经网络的实际运用。本书的ISBN-13印刷版为978-1-4842-3506-5，电子版为978-1-4842-3507-2，并且有一个DOI标识符：10.1007/978-1-4842-3507-2。这本书已获得美国国会图书馆的版权许可，版权所有归Richard McKeon所有，强调了对所有材料（包括翻译、重印、再利用插图、朗诵、广播、微缩复制、物理复制、电子改编、软件使用以及未来可能发展出的类似或不同方法）的保留权利。书中可能包含已注册商标、标志和图像，但作者并未在每处使用商标符号，而是尊重了知识产权。《神经网络为电子爱好者指南》旨在打破专业壁垒，帮助电子爱好者跨越理论与实践之间的鸿沟，掌握神经网络这一前沿技术，从而提升他们的电子设计能力和创新能力。阅读此书不仅能提升技术技能，还能激发探索更深层次的AI和机器学习在实际电子项目中的应用潜力。"

The doctors studying the brain scan in Figure1-2 are probably

looking for a specific, identifiable problem like a brain tumor. Even these

specialists don’t have all the answers about detailed brain function.

Figure 1-1. An individual neuron

Figure 1-2. Doctors study brain scan

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORKS

In recent years, we have made great strides in understanding the

structure and electrical activity of the brain, but we still have a long way to

go! This is especially so when it comes to concepts like self-awareness and

consciousness. Where does that come from? Fortunately, for us to build

functioning networks that can accomplish practical tasks, we don’t need to

have all the answers.

Of course we want to understand every detail of how the brain works,

but even if simple and incomplete, today’s neural network simulations

can do amazing things! Just like you and me, neural networks can perform

very well in terms of pattern recognition and prediction even when given

partial or corrupted data. You are probably thinking, “This is more like

science fiction than science!” Believe me, I’m not making this stuff up.

So, how does a neuron work? Figure1-3 gives us a few hints. A neuron

is a very complex cell, but basically they all operate the same way.

1. The dendrites receive electrical impulses from

several other neurons.

2. e cell body adds up all these signals and

determines what to do next. If there is enough

stimulation, it decides to re a pulse down its axon.

3. e axon has connections to several other neurons.

4. And “the beat goes on,” so to speak.

Of course, I have left out some details, but that’s basically how it works.

We will talk about “weights,” “activation potentials,” “transfer functions,”

and stuff like that later (without getting too technical).

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORKS

So, if you connect up all these neurons, what does it look like? Well,

not exactly like Figure1-4, but it kind of gives you the idea. Biological

computers are highly interconnected.

Figure 1-3. Information flow

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORKS

An interesting thing that is not shown in Figure1-4 is that the neurons

are not directly connected or “hard-wired” to the others. Where these

connections take place, there is a little gap called a “synapse.” When a

neuron fires, it secretes a chemical into the synapse. These chemical

messengers are called “neurotransmitters.” Depending on the mix of

neurotransmitters in the synapse, the target cell will “get the message” either

pretty strongly or pretty weakly. What will the target neuron do? It will sum

up all these signals and decide whether or not to fire a pulse down its axon.

You can see that we are not exactly talking about electrons flowing

along a piece of copper wire. The equivalent thing in neurons is a chemical

exchange of ions. Is the concept of “ion exchange” more complicated

than electrons flowing in a wire? Not really. We actually don’t understand

electron flow all that well either; it’s just that we’re more used to hearing

about things that use electricity.

Figure 1-4. Interconnected neurons

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORKS

When a person drinks alcohol or takes certain types of drugs,

guess what they are affecting. You guessed it! They are affecting the

neurotransmitters—the chemistry within the synapse.

When you go to the dentist and get a shot of Novocain to block the

pain, what is that Novocain doing? It’s preventing neurons from firing by

interfering with the chemical processes taking place. So, understanding

that brain activity is electrochemical makes this whole discussion a lot

more understandable.

Remember when I said we weren’t going to get too technical? Well,

that’s it for this discussion.

Congratulations! You just graduated from the “Rick McKeon

School of Brain Chemistry.”

Figure1-5 may not be scientifically accurate, but it is a pretty picture,

and it graphically represents what happens in a synapse.

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORKS

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