3D游戏引擎架构：实时应用与Wild Magic深度解析

需积分: 9 160 浏览量更新于2024-07-19 收藏 6.2MB PDF 举报

"3D游戏引擎架构：利用Wild Magic构建实时应用，是Morgan Kaufmann交互式3D技术系列的一部分，由David H. Eberly担任系列编辑。该系列书籍旨在为游戏开发者提供实时3D领域的前沿知识和实用解决方案，强调软件工程的坚实原则。" 《3D游戏引擎架构》深入探讨了构建高效、实时3D应用的核心技术，特别是针对游戏开发。这本书由行业专家和学术研究人员撰写，旨在帮助读者理解和实现3D游戏引擎的关键组件和算法。通过介绍Wild Magic这一工具，作者提供了一个实践性的平台，让开发者能够从基础理论出发，构建真实的游戏系统。在3D游戏引擎架构中，以下是一些关键知识点： 1. **实时渲染**：讨论了如何在有限的计算资源下，实现实时的3D图形渲染，包括视锥体剔除、多边形裁剪、光照模型（如Phong模型）、纹理映射和着色技术（如像素和顶点着色器）。 2. **图形管线**：解释了现代图形处理器（GPU）的工作原理，以及如何通过OpenGL或DirectX等API与GPU交互，管理图形管线的不同阶段，如顶点处理、几何处理和光栅化。 3. **物理模拟**：介绍了物理学在3D游戏中的应用，如刚体动力学、碰撞检测和响应、软体模拟等，这些都是构建真实感游戏世界的基础。 4. **游戏逻辑和状态管理**：讨论了游戏循环、事件处理、AI系统、网络同步以及如何有效地管理游戏的状态和场景层次结构。 5. **内存管理和性能优化**：讲解如何有效分配和管理内存，以及如何通过数据结构和算法优化提高引擎性能，减少CPU和GPU的负载。 6. **资源管理**：包括纹理、模型、音频和动画的加载、存储和管理，确保资源的有效利用和快速访问。 7. **野魔法(Wild Magic)**：这是一个开源的3D数学库，包含用于3D图形编程的工具和算法，如向量和矩阵操作，帮助开发者实现自己的游戏引擎。 8. **软件工程实践**：强调代码组织、模块化设计、错误处理和测试，以创建可维护和扩展的3D引擎。 9. **跨平台开发**：讨论如何设计一个能够在不同硬件和操作系统上运行的3D引擎，包括桌面、移动设备和游戏主机。 10. **实例分析和案例研究**：通过具体的项目实例，展示如何将理论知识应用于实际游戏开发，提供实践经验。通过学习这些内容，读者不仅可以理解3D游戏引擎的工作原理，还能获得构建自己游戏引擎的技能，为进入或深化游戏开发领域打下坚实基础。

Preface xv

lost count of the number of times I have read the Covenant series. My hope is that

someday he will write another trilogy in that series. Or that there will be a movie

about the current books. Or that there will be a 3D game based on the series....

Ironically, the ﬁrst book of a new series, The Last Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, is

scheduled to appear in print about the time this book does. If my future books are

delayed, let it be known that I was spending my hours reading, not writing! Now, Mr.

Donaldson, about that movie and 3D game....

TeamLRN sPeCiAL

2 Chapter 1 Introduction

years it has been ported to run on PCs with Direct3D, on PCs with Linux, on Macin-

toshes with OS X, and on Unix workstations that have OpenGL support. The engine

has evolved to include many more features, namely, high-level rendering effects and

shaders. I have received innumerable emails asking how to use the engine, how to ex-

tend the engine, and how to write tools for the engine. Naturally, to understand the

answers to these questions you must understand how the engine is architected. This

book is about the Wild Magic architecture, a case study for understanding the issues

of constructing an engine that you would see in a commercial environment.

The issues are many, each relatively easy to understand in isolation from the

others. However, putting all the pieces together is a formidable task to get right. But

what does “right” mean? An engine is a large library and is subject to the software

engineering principles that govern how such a large package evolves. Certainly you

(or your customers) will want to customize the engine to support new features.

But unfortunately, simplicity of maintenance does not come trivially. The various

abstract subsystems of the library must be architected so that they integrate easily

among themselves, and, as many customers of middleware have found out, they

must integrate easily with packages provided by others. Talk to any game company

that has had to combine a graphics engine, a physics engine, a networking engine,

and an AI engine together into a single game—you will hear the war stories about

the difﬁculties of making that happen. The promise of this book is not that you will

architect a system that will just simply plug into everyone else’s system, but rather that

you will learn how to minimize the pain of doing so. You need to ask a lot of questions

about your architecture and many times decide on various trade-offs. Sometimes you

will make a decision and go with it, only to ﬁnd out later that you have to redesign

and rebuild. This is a natural part of the process for any large library construction,

but your goal is to anticipate where the problems will occur and design to facilitate

solving those problems without having to rewrite from scratch.

The next three sections present a couple of complete applications that compile

and run. The idea is to show you what systems come into play to get a working ap-

plication. The last section is a discussion of encapsulation of abstract systems whose

implementations depend on the platform (operating system, windowing system, ren-

derer creation, and use). More complicated applications show that you also need to

identify systems that allow you to factor code for reusability. Although some games

are written as throwaway code, from a company’s perspective it is better to write li-

braries that can be reused in other similar games. The last section also provides brief

descriptions of the remaining chapters in the book.

1.1 Drawing a Triangle

In this section I discuss the graphics equivalent of the “Hello, world” introductory

programming assignment—drawing a single triangle on the screen. The triangle ver-

tices are assigned colors, and the graphics system will interpolate these to create colors

TeamLRN sPeCiAL

1.1 Drawing a Triangle 3

for pixels that are inside the triangle. When certain keys are pressed, you can rotate

the triangle about a center point and translate the center point itself. Something as

simple as drawing a triangle requires a large amount of code. The sample application

runs on a PC with Microsoft Windows, but please be aware that the quantity of code

is not a consequence of this particular platform. Similar applications may be written

for other platforms and will be as large as the current example. The source code can

be found on the CD-ROM, in the ﬁle

MagicSoftware/WildMagic3/BookFigures/DrawTriangle/DrawTriangle.cpp

I will explain it a piece at a time.

Four header ﬁles are included:

#include <windows.h>

#include <GL/gl.h>

#include <GL/glu.h>

#include <cmath>

The ﬁrst accesses the Win32 API for windowed applications. The second exposes

the OpenGL API, and the third exposes various utility functions that were built for

OpenGL. The fourth is used to access sine and cosine functions for constructing

rotation matrices for the triangle.

The window in which you render must be created. The width and height of the

window are speciﬁed by the ﬁrst two variables in this block:

static int gs_iWidth = 640;

static int gs_iHeight = 480;

static HDC gs_hWindowDC = (HDC)0;

The last variable is a device context that is associated with the window. I have made

it global so that it may be accessed by the triangle drawing routine. It is initialized to

the null handle, but the main program will set it to the correct device context.

For perspective projection, you need to specify a view frustum. The left, right,

bottom, top, near, and far values are

static double gs_fLFrustum = -0.5500;

static double gs_fRFrustum = +0.5500;

static double gs_fBFrustum = -0.4125;

static double gs_fTFrustum = +0.4125;

static double gs_fNFrustum = +1.0;

static double gs_fFFrustum = +100.0;

You also need to specify a viewport (a rectangular portion of the screen) in which

the drawing will occur. In this application, the viewport is the entire screen:

TeamLRN sPeCiAL

剩余752页未读，继续阅读

Elli_Ossan

粉丝: 3
资源: 3

3D游戏引擎架构：实时应用与Wild Magic深度解析

Simple 3D Classes:C ++中的简单3D框架-开源

一个优秀的3D图形图像引擎

3D游戏引擎的总体架构设计

CryENGINE3GameDevelopment-英文原版.zip

经典的第一人称游戏引擎 CS 引擎

Papervision3D中文翻译

Tank 3D-开源

3D Game Engine Architecture.pdf

3D Game Engine Programming.pdf

3D Game Engine Design, Second Edition

最新资源