利用GNU Make第三版高效管理项目

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"Managing Projects with GNU Make Third Edition" 是一本经典的指南，专为IT专业人士和开发者设计，讲解如何利用GNU Make这款强大的工具来有效地管理和组织软件开发项目。这本书深入浅出地阐述了Make系统的原理、配置方法和实践应用，对于理解和掌握项目构建流程、自动化任务执行以及版本控制至关重要。在阅读这本书时，读者可以接触到多个与Unix和Linux系统相关的辅助资源，如"Unix in a Nutshell"，这是一本详尽的Unix命令参考手册，对于理解底层操作系统的命令行工具非常有帮助。"Unix Power Tools"则提供了更高级的实用技巧，帮助用户提升工作效率。同时，"Essential CVS" 和 "Version Control with Subversion" 是关于版本控制系统的学习材料，对于代码协作和版本控制的最佳实践具有指导意义。此外，书中的"sed and awk" 是两个常用的文本处理工具，它们在数据转换和脚本编写中扮演着关键角色，而"lex and yacc" 则介绍了编译原理中的词法分析器和语法分析器，是编程语言理论和实现的基础。对于进一步提升 Shell 脚本技能，"Learning the bash Shell" 是一个很好的起点。作者通过O'Reilly网站（oreilly.com）为读者提供了丰富的学习资源，包括新闻更新、活动信息、技术文章、博客、示例章节和代码示例，这些都能帮助读者紧跟行业动态和技术发展。O'Reilly还举办各种技术会议（conferences.oreilly.com），汇聚创新者分享前沿技术和实践经验，促进产业变革。对于那些需要即时答案的开发者和IT专业人员，SafariBookshelf（safari.oreilly.com）是一个在线的综合参考库，它包含超过1000本专业书籍，提供快速搜索功能，能够帮助用户迅速解决技术问题。总结来说，"Managing Projects with GNU Make Third Edition" 是一本实战性强且内容全面的书籍，不仅介绍了Make工具的核心使用，还结合其他Unix工具和版本控制技术，帮助读者构建高效、可维护的项目管理流程，是任何想在IT领域深化理解并提高项目管理能力的工程师必备参考资料。

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xiv

Preface

from Unix to Windows NT, using the Microsoft C++ compiler. That’s when I dis-

covered the Cygwin project. As an important byproduct of the port, I reworked the

build system to support NT. This build system also supported separate source and

binary trees, many flavors of Unix, several varieties of graphics support, automated

nightly builds and tests, and partial developer checkouts with reference builds.

In 2000, I began working in Java writing laboratory information management sys-

tems. This was one of the first really different development environments I’d worked

in for many years. Most of the programmers came from a Windows background and

many seemed to know Java as their first programming language. The build environ-

ment consisted almost entirely of the project file generated by a commercial Java

Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Although the project file was checked

in, it rarely worked “out of the box” and programmers often sat in each other’s cubes

working through build problems.

Of course, I began to write a build system using

make, but an odd thing happened.

Many of the developers were reluctant to use any command-line tool. Further, many

did not have a firm grasp of such concepts as environment variables, command-line

options, or an understanding of the tools used to build programs. The IDE hid all of

these issues. To address these issues, the build system I was writing became more

complex. I began to add better error messages, precondition checking, management

of the developer’s machine configuration, and support for IDEs.

Along the way, I’d read the GNU

make manual several dozen times. As I looked for

more material, I found the second edition of this book. It was filled with valuable

material, but was sadly lacking in details of GNU

make. That wasn’t surprising, con-

sidering its age. The volume had stood the test of time, but by 2003 needed updat-

ing. The third edition focuses primarily on GNU

make. As Paul Smith (the GNU make

maintainer) writes: “Don’t hassle with writing portable ‘makefiles’, use a portable

make instead!”

What’s New in This Edition

Almost all the material in this book is new. I’ve divided the material into three parts.

Part I, Basic Concepts, provides a moderately detailed examination of the GNU

make

features and how to use them.

Chapter 1, How to Write a Simple Makefile, is a brief introduction to

make with a sim-

ple, but complete example. It explains the basic concepts of

make such as targets and

prerequisites, and covers the syntax of makefiles. This should be sufficient to get you

going with your first makefiles.

Chapter 2, Rules, discusses the structure and syntax of rules. Explicit rules and pat-

tern rules are covered in great detail along with old-fashioned suffix rules. Special tar-

gets and simple dependency generation are also discussed here.

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

Chapter 3, Variables and Macros, covers simple and recursive variables. This chapter

also discusses how makefiles are parsed, when variables are expanded, and the direc-

tives for conditional makefile processing.

Chapter 4, Functions, examines the wide variety of built-in functions supported by

GNU

make. User-defined functions are introduced here, with numerous examples

ranging from the trivial to illustrations of advanced concepts.

Chapter 5, Commands, explains the details of command scripts, covering how they

are parsed and evaluated. Here we also discuss command modifiers, checking com-

mand exit status, and the command environment. We explore the problems of com-

mand-line limits and some ways to work around these problems. At this point, you

will know all the GNU

make features discussed in this book.

Part II, Advanced and Specialized Topics, covers larger topics, such as using

make on

large projects, portability, and debugging.

Chapter 6, Managing Large Projects, discusses many issues encountered when build-

ing large projects in

make. The first topic is the use of recursive invocations of make,as

well as how to implement these makefiles with a single, nonrecursive makefile.In

addition, other issues of large systems are discussed, such as filesystem layout, com-

ponent management, and automated building and testing.

Chapter 7, Portable Makefiles, discusses issues with portability of makefiles, prima-

rily between various flavors of Unix and Windows. The Cygwin Unix emulation

environment is discussed in some detail, along with issues arising from nonportable

filesystem features and tools.

Chapter 8, C and C++, provides specific examples of how to separate source and

binary trees and how to create read-only source trees. Dependency analysis is revis-

ited, with an emphasis on language-specific solutions. This chapter and the next tie

in closely with many issues raised in Chapter 1.

Chapter 9, Java, explains how to apply

make to Java-based development environ-

ments. Techniques for managing the

CLASSPATH variable, compiling large numbers of

files, creating jars, and constructing Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) are introduced.

Chapter 10, Improving the Performance of make, begins by reviewing the perfor-

mance characteristics of several

make operations to provide context for how to write

efficient makefiles. Techniques for identifying and reducing bottlenecks are dis-

cussed. The GNU

make parallel jobs feature is described in some detail.

Chapter 11, Example Makefiles, provides two complex examples of real makefiles.

The first is the makefile used to create this book. It is interesting, partly due to a fairly

extreme degree of automation and partly because it applies

make to a nontraditional

domain. The other example consists of excerpts from the Linux 2.6 kbuild system.

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xvi

Preface

Chapter 12, Debugging Makefiles, delves into the black art of fixing broken makefiles.

We introduce techniques for discovering what

make is doing under the covers and

how to ease development pains.

Part III, Appendixes, includes supplemental material.

Appendix A, Running make, provides a reference guide to GNU

make’s command-line

options.

Appendix B, The Outer Limits, explores the limits of GNU

make with two unlikely

capabilities: managing data structures and performing arithmetic.

Appendix C, GNU Free Documentation License—GNU Project—Free Software Foun-

dation (FSF), contains the GNU Free Documentation License, under which the text

of the book is distributed.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, file extensions, path-

names, and directories

Constant width

Indicates source code commands, command-line options, the contents of files,

or the output from commands

Constant width bold

Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in

this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact O’Reilly

for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For exam-

ple, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require

permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does

require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example

code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code

from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

O’Reilly appreciates, but does not require, attribution. An attribution usually

includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Managing Projects

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

xvii

Media, Inc., 0-596-00610-1.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given

above, feel free to contact O’Reilly at permissions@oreilly.com.

Comments and Questions

Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O’Reilly Media, Inc.

1005 Gravenstein Highway North

Sebastopol, CA 95472

(800) 998-9938 (in the United States or Canada)

(707) 829-0515 (international or local)

(707) 829-0104 (fax)

O’Reilly maintains a web page for this book, which lists errata, examples, and any

additional information. You can access this page at:

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/make3

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to:

bookquestions@oreilly.com

For more information about O’Reilly books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the

O’Reilly Network, see O’Reilly’s web site at:

http://www.oreilly.com

Acknowledgments

I’d like to thank Richard Stallman for providing a vision and the belief that it can

come true. Of course, without Paul Smith, GNU

make would not exist in its current

form today. Thank you.

I’d like to thank my editor, Andy Oram, for his unflagging support and enthusiasm.

Cimarron Software deserves my thanks for providing an environment that encour-

aged me to begin this project. Realm Systems also deserves thanks for providing an

environment that encouraged me to finish the project. In particular, I’d like to thank

Doug Adamson, Cathy Anderson, and Peter Bookman.

Thanks to my reviewers, Simon Gerraty, John Macdonald, and Paul Smith, who pro-

vided many insightful comments and corrected many embarrassing errors.

The following people deserve thanks for valuable contributions to this work: Steve

Bayer, Richard Bogart, Beth Cobb, Julie Daily, David Johnson, Andrew Morton,

Richard Pimentel, Brian Stevens, and Linus Torvalds. Many thanks to the cabal that

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