ISO 32000-1:2008 - PDF 1.7技术标准详解

32000

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ISO 32000 手册是关于Portable Document Format (PDF) 的最新技术标准，特别适用于那些需要了解 PDF 格式发展方向和技术细节的专业人士。该手册由 Adobe Systems Incorporate 于 2008 年发布第一版，其主要目标是提供 PDF 1.7 版本的技术规范，这是 PDF 格式的一个重要里程碑，强调了文档管理中的便携性和一致性。 ISO 32000-1:2008 是这份手册的核心部分，它规定了 PDF 文件的创建、结构、内容表示和交互功能，确保了在不同平台和设备上的互操作性。作为国际标准化组织 (ISO) 制定的标准，它旨在确保所有遵循这一标准的 PDF 文件具有高度的可读性、安全性和无障碍性。版权方面，Adobe 对 PDF 格式拥有商标权，并强调了用户在下载和使用 PDF 文件时的注意事项。除非嵌入的字体被正确许可并安装在编辑计算机上，否则用户不能随意编辑包含这些字体的 PDF 文件，以免侵犯 Adobe 的软件许可政策。这意味着在查看或打印 PDF 时，必须遵守相应的授权规定。在创建这个 PDF 文件的软件产品细节可以在通用信息部分找到，创建参数优化了打印效果，表明了标准对于输出质量的关注。此外，此手册的内容是基于 ISO 32000-1 标准的版权文档，该标准可以在 ISO 网站（<http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51502>）购买获取，Adobe 官方网站也提供了此版本供下载。 ISO 32000 手册是PDF技术的重要参考资源，它不仅定义了行业的技术规范，还包含了版权和使用限制，确保了 PDF 在数字化文档处理领域的广泛应用和发展。对于任何与 PDF 相关的工作，无论是开发人员、设计师还是审核人员，都需要理解和遵循这份手册，以保证工作质量和合规性。

PDF 32000-1:2008

4.23

font

identified collection of graphics that may be

glyphs or other graphic elements [ISO 15930-4]

4.24

function

a special type of object that represents parameterized classes, includ

ing mathematical formulas and sampled

representations with arbitrary resolution

4.25

glyph

recognizable abstract graphic symbol that is indepe

ndent of any specific design [ISO/IEC 9541-1]

4.26

graphic state

the top of a push down stack of the graphics control parameters that define the current global framework within

ich the graphics operators execute

4.27

ICC profile

colour profile conforming to the ICC spe

cification [ISO 15076-1:2005]

4.28

indirect object

an object that is labeled with a positive integer obje

ct number followed by a non-negative integer generation

number followed by obj and having endobj after it

4.29

integer object

mathematical integers with an implementation specified i

nterval centered at 0 and written as one or more

decimal digits optionally preceded by a sign

4.30

name object

an atomic symbol uniquely defined by a sequence of character

s introduced by a SOLIDUS (/), (2Fh) but the

SOLIDUS is not considered to be part of the name

4.31

name tree

similar to a dictionary that associates

keys and values but the keys in a name tree are strings and are ordered

4.32

null object

a single object of type null,

denoted by the keyword null, and having a type and value that are unequal to those

of any other object

4.33

number tree

similar to a dictionary that associates keys an

d values but the keys in a number tree are integers and are

ordered

4.34

numeric object

either an integer object or a real object

4.35

object

a basic data structure from which PDF files are constructed

and includes these types: array, Boolean,

dictionary, integer, name, null, real, stream and string

PDF 32000-1:2008

4.36

object reference

an object value used to allow one object to refer to another

; that has the form “<n> <m> R” where <n> is an

indirect object number, <m> is its version number and R is the uppercase letter R

4.37

object stream

a stream that contains a sequence of PDF objects

4.38

PDF

Portable Document Format file fo

rmat defined by this specification [ISO 32000-1]

4.39

real object

approximate mathematical real numbers, but with limited

range and precision and written as one or more

decimal digits with an optional sign and a leading, trailing, or embedded PERIOD (2Eh) (decimal point)

4.40

rectangle

a specific array object used to describe locations on a p

age and bounding boxes for a variety of objects and

written as an array of four numbers giving the coordinates of a pair of diagonally opposite corners, typically in

the form [ ll

] specifying the lower-left x, lower-left y, upper-right x, and upper-right y coordinates of

the rectangle, in that order

4.41

resource dictionary

associates resource names, used in co

ntent streams, with the resource objects themselves and organized into

various categories (e.g., Font, ColorSpace, Pattern)

4.42

space character

text string character used to represent orthog

raphic white space in text strings

NOTE 2 space characters include HORIZONTAL TAB (U+0009), LINE FEED (U+000A), VERTICAL TAB (U+000B),

FORM FEED (U+000C), CARRIAGE RETURN (U+000D), SPACE (U+0020), NOBREAK SPACE (U+00A0),

EN SPACE (U+2002), EM SPACE (U+2003), FIGURE SPACE (U+2007), PUNCTUATION SPACE (U+2008),

THIN SPACE (U+2009), HAIR SPACE (U+200A), ZERO WIDTH SPACE (U+200B), and IDEOGRAPHIC

SPACE (U+3000)

4.43

stream object

consists of a dictionary followed by zero or more byte

s bracketed between the keywords stream and endstream

4.44

string object

consists of a series of bytes (unsigned integer values

in the range 0 to 255) and the bytes are not integer

objects, but are stored in a more compact form

4.45

web capture

refers to the process of creating PDF content by importin

g and possibly converting internet-based or locally-

resident files. The files being imported may be any arbitrary format, such as HTML, GIF, JPEG, text, and PDF

4.46

white-space character

characters that separate PDF syntactic constructs such as nam

es and numbers from each other; white space

characters are HORIZONTAL TAB (09h), LINE FEED (0Ah), FORM FEED (0Ch), CARRIAGE RETURN (0Dh),

SPACE (20h); (see Table 1 in 7.2.2, “Character Set”)

PDF 32000-1:2008

4.47

XFDF file

file conforming to the XML Forms Data Format 2.0 specificatio

n, which is an XML transliteration of Forms Data

Format (FDF)

4.48

XMP packet

structured wrapper for serialized XML metadata that can be embedded in a wide variety of file formats

5Notation

PDF operators, PDF keywords, the names of keys in PDF dictionaries, and other predefined names are written

in bold sans serif font; words that denote operands of PDF operators or values of dictionary keys are written in

italic sans serif font.

Token characters used to delimit objects and descr

ibe the structure of PDF files, as defined in 7.2, "Lexical

Conventions", may be identified by their ANSI X3.4-1986 (ASCII 7-bit USA codes) character name written in

upper case in bold sans serif font followed by a parenthetic two

digit hexadecimal character value with the suffix

“h”.

Characters in text stre

ams, as defined by 7.9.2, "String Object Types", may be identified by their ANSI X3.4-

1986 (ASCII 7-bit USA codes) character name written in upper

case in sans serif font followed by a parenthetic

four digit hexadecimal character code value with the prefix “U+” as shown in EXAMPLE 1 in this clause.

EXAMPLE 1 EN SPACE (U+2002).

6 Version Designations

For the convenience of the reader, the PDF versions in which various features were introduced are provided

informatively within this document. The first version of PDF was designated PDF 1.0 and was specified by

Adobe Systems Incorporated in the PDF Reference 1.0 document published by Adobe and Addison Wesley.

Since then, PDF has gone through seven revisions designated as: PDF 1.1, PDF 1.2, PDF 1.3, PDF 1.4, PDF

1.5, PDF 1.6 and PDF 1.7. All non-deprecated features defined in a previous PDF version were also included in

the subsequent PDF version. Since ISO 32000-1 is a PDF version matching PDF 1.7, it is also suitable for

interpretation of files made to conform with any of the PDF specifications 1.0 through 1.7. Throughout this

specification in order to indicate at which point in the sequence of versions a feature was introduced, a notation

with a PDF version number in parenthesis (e.g., (PDF 1.3)) is used. Thus if a feature is labelled with (PDF 1.3)

it means that PDF 1.0, PDF 1.1 and PDF 1.2 were not specified to support this feature whereas all versions of

PDF 1.3 and greater were defined to support it.

PDF 32000-1:2008

7Syntax

7.1 General

This clause covers everything about the syntax of PDF at the object, file, and document level. It sets the stage

for subsequent clauses, which describe how the contents of a PDF file are interpreted as page descriptions,

interactive navigational aids, and application-level logical structure.

PDF syntax is best understood by considering it as four parts, as shown in Figure 1:

• O

bjects. A PDF document is a data structure composed from a small set of basic types of data objects.

Sub-clause 7.2, "Lexical Conventions," describes the character set used to write objects and other

syntactic elements. Sub-clause 7.3, "Objects," describes the syntax and essential properties of the objects.

Sub-clause 7.3.8, "Stream Objects," provides complete details of the most complex data type, the stream

object.

• File struc

ture. The PDF file structure determines how objects are stored in a PDF file, how they are

accessed, and how they are updated. This structure is independent of the semantics of the objects. Sub-

clause 7.5, "File Structure," describes the file structur

e. Sub-clause 7.6, "Encryption," describes a file-level

mechanism for protecting a document’s contents from unauthorized access.

• Do

cument structure. The PDF document structure specifies how the basic object types are used to

represent components of a PDF document: pages, fonts, annotations, and so forth. Sub-clause 7.7,

"Document Structure," describes the overall document structure; later clauses address the detailed

semantics of the components.

• Co

ntent streams. A PDF content stream contains a sequence of instructions describing the appearance of

a page or other graphical entity. These instructions, while also represented as objects, are conceptually

distinct from the objects that represent the document structure and are described separately. Sub-clause

7.8, "Content Streams and Resources," discusses PDF content streams and

their associated resources.

Figure 1 – PDF Components

In addition, this clause describes some da

ta structures, built from basic objects, that are so widely used that

they can almost be considered basic object types in their own right. These objects are covered in: 7.9,

"Common Data Structures"; 7.10, "Functions"; and 7.11, "File Specifications."

NOTE Variants of PDF’s object and file syntax are also used as the basis for other file formats. These include the

Forms Data Format (FDF), described in 12.7.7, "Forms Data Format", and the Portable Job Ticket Format

(PJTF), described in Adobe Technical Note #5620, Po

rtable Job Ticket Format.

7.2 Lexical Conventions

7.2.1 General

At the most fundamental level, a PDF file is a seque

nce of bytes. These bytes can be grouped into tokens

according to the syntax rules described in this sub-clause. One or more tokens are assembled to form higher-

Objects

File

structure

Document

structure

Content

stream

PDF 32000-1:2008

level syntactic entities, principally objects, which are the basic data values from which a PDF document is

constructed.

A non-encrypted PDF can be entirely represented using b

yte values corresponding to the visible printable

subset of the character set defined in ANSI X3.4-1986, plus white space characters. However, a PDF file is not

restricted to the ASCII character set; it may contain arbitrary bytes, subject to the following considerations:

• The tokens that delimit objects and that describe the str

ucture of a PDF file shall use the ASCII character

set. In addition all the reserved words and the names used as keys in PDF standard dictionaries and

certain types of arrays shall be defined using the ASCII character set.

• The data values of strings and streams objects may be

written either entirely using the ASCII character set

or entirely in binary data. In actual practice, data that is naturally binary, such as sampled images, is

usually represented in binary for compactness and efficiency.

• A PDF file containing binary data shall be transported as a

binary file rather than as a text file to insure that

all bytes of the file are faithfully preserved.

NOTE 1 A binary file is not portable to environments that impose reserved character codes, maximum line lengths, end-

of-line conventions, or other restrictions

NOTE 2 In this clause, the usage of the term character is e

ntirely independent of any logical meaning that the value

may have when it is treated as data in specific contexts, such as representing human-readable text or

selecting a glyph from a font.

7.2.2 Character Set

The PDF character set is divided into three classes, called re

gular, delimiter, and white-space characters. This

classification determines the grouping of characters into tokens. The rules defined in this sub-clause apply to

all characters in the file except within strings, streams, and comments.

The White-

space characters shown in Table 1 separate syntactic constructs such as names and numbers from

each other. All white-space characters are equivalent, except

in comments, strings, and streams. In all other

contexts, PDF treats any sequence of consecutive white-space characters as one character.

The CARRIAGE RETURN (0Dh) and LINE FEED (0

Ah) characters, also called newline characters, shall be

treated as end-of-line (EOL) markers. The combination of a CARRIAGE RETURN followed immediately by a

LINE FEED shall be treated as one EOL marker. EOL markers may be treated the same as any other white-

space characters. However, sometimes an EOL marker is required or recommended—that is, preceding a

token that must appear at the beginning of a line.

NOTE The examples in this standard use a convention that arranges tokens into lines. However, the examples’ use of

white space for indentation is purely for clarity of exposition and need not be included in practical use.

Table 1 – White-space characters

Decimal Hexadecimal Octal Name

0 00 000 Null (NUL)

9 09 011 HORIZONTAL TAB (HT)

10 0A 012 LINE FEED (LF)

12 0C 014 FORM FEED (FF)

13 0D 015 CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)

32 20 040 SPACE (SP)

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