.NET 4.5框架与C# 5.0深度解析

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"Pro C# 5.0 and the .NET 4.5 Framework Sixth Edition" 本书《Pro C# 5.0 and the .NET 4.5 Framework》是关于C#编程语言及其在.NET 4.5框架下的应用的权威指南。作者Andrew Troelsen深入探讨了C# 5.0的特性以及.NET 4.5框架带来的新功能和改进。此书适合有一定基础的开发者，旨在帮助他们提升专业技能并掌握最新的开发技术。 C# 5.0的关键特性包括： 1. 异步编程：C# 5.0引入了`async`和`await`关键字，使得异步编程变得更加简洁和直观，开发者可以编写出非阻塞式的代码，提高应用程序的性能和响应性。 2. 自动属性初始化器：允许在声明自动属性时直接提供默认值，简化代码编写。 3. 静态类成员的匿名方法：可以在静态类的成员中使用lambda表达式，增加了代码的灵活性。 4. 迭代器块改进：支持在`yield return`语句之后使用`yield break`，使迭代器的实现更简洁。 5. 更强的类型推断：编译器在某些情况下能更好地推断局部变量的类型，如在`var`关键字使用时。 .NET 4.5框架的亮点包括： 1. Windows Runtime集成：.NET 4.5与Windows 8的Windows Runtime紧密集成，使得.NET开发者可以利用Windows Store应用的全部功能。 2. WCF改进：Windows Communication Foundation（WCF）在4.5版本中进行了优化，提供了更好的性能和诊断工具。 3. Web API：一个新的轻量级Web服务栈，用于构建RESTful服务，支持多种客户端平台。 4. Entity Framework 5：数据库ORM框架的升级，增强了代码优先（Code First）的支持，引入了复杂类型、存储过程映射等新特性。 5. ASP.NET改进：包括Web Forms、MVC和Web Pages的更新，提升了开发效率和用户体验。 6. 更好的多语言支持：对Unicode 6.0的支持和改进的字符串处理功能，提高了国际化和本地化的能力。此外，书籍还可能涵盖了单元测试、异常处理、线程管理、反射、泛型、集合类、LINQ、AOP（面向切面编程）等方面的内容，以及如何利用Visual Studio进行高效开发。书中由14位Oracle Application Express领域的专家分享实战经验，为读者提供了宝贵的实践指导。《Pro C# 5.0 and the .NET 4.5 Framework》是学习和精通C# 5.0和.NET 4.5不可或缺的参考资料，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中受益匪浅。

 CONTENTS

xiv

Overriding System.Object.ToString() .................................................................................................... 247

Overriding System.Object.Equals() ....................................................................................................... 247

Overriding System.Object.GetHashCode() ............................................................................................ 248

Testing Your Modified Person Class ..................................................................................................... 249

The Static Members of System.Object ................................................................................................. 250

Summary .......................................................................................................................250

 Chapter 7: Understanding Structured Exception Handling .................................253

Ode to Errors, Bugs, and Exceptions .............................................................................253

The Role of .NET Exception Handling.............................................................................254

The Building Blocks of .NET Exception Handling.................................................................................. 255

The System.Exception Base Class........................................................................................................ 255

The Simplest Possible Example.....................................................................................257

Throwing a General Exception.............................................................................................................. 259

Catching Exceptions ............................................................................................................................. 260

Configuring the State of an Exception ...........................................................................261

The TargetSite Property........................................................................................................................ 261

The StackTrace Property ...................................................................................................................... 262

The HelpLink Property .......................................................................................................................... 263

The Data Property................................................................................................................................. 264

System-Level Exceptions (System.SystemException) ...................................................266

Application-Level Exceptions (System.ApplicationException) .......................................266

Building Custom Exceptions, Take One ................................................................................................ 267

Building Custom Exceptions, Take Two................................................................................................ 269

Building Custom Exceptions, Take Three ............................................................................................. 269

Processing Multiple Exceptions.....................................................................................271

General catch Statements .................................................................................................................... 274

Rethrowing Exceptions......................................................................................................................... 274

 CONTENTS

Inner Exceptions................................................................................................................................... 275

The finally Block ................................................................................................................................... 276

Who Is Throwing What?.................................................................................................277

The Result of Unhandled Exceptions .............................................................................277

Debugging Unhandled Exceptions Using Visual Studio .................................................278

Summary .......................................................................................................................280

 Chapter 8: Working with Interfaces....................................................................281

Understanding Interface Types......................................................................................281

Interface Types vs. Abstract Base Classes........................................................................................... 282

Defining Custom Interfaces ...........................................................................................284

Implementing an Interface.............................................................................................286

Invoking Interface Members at the Object Level ...........................................................288

Obtaining Interface References: The as Keyword ................................................................................ 289

Obtaining Interface References: The is Keyword ................................................................................. 290

Interfaces As Parameters ..............................................................................................291

Interfaces As Return Values...........................................................................................293

Arrays of Interface Types...............................................................................................294

Implementing Interfaces Using Visual Studio ................................................................295

Explicit Interface Implementation..................................................................................296

Designing Interface Hierarchies ....................................................................................299

Multiple Inheritance with Interface Types ............................................................................................ 300

The IEnumerable and IEnumerator Interfaces ...............................................................302

Building Iterator Methods with the yield Keyword ............................................................................... 305

Building a Named Iterator..................................................................................................................... 306

The ICloneable Interface................................................................................................308

A More Elaborate Cloning Example ...................................................................................................... 310

 CONTENTS

xvi

The IComparable Interface ............................................................................................313

Specifying Multiple Sort Orders with IComparer .................................................................................. 316

Custom Properties and Custom Sort Types .......................................................................................... 317

Summary .......................................................................................................................318

 Part IV: Advanced C# Programming ...................................................................319

 Chapter 9: Collections and Generics...................................................................321

The Motivation for Collection Classes............................................................................321

The System.Collections Namespace .................................................................................................... 323

A Survey of System.Collections.Specialized Namespace..................................................................... 325

The Problems of Nongeneric Collections.......................................................................326

The Issue of Performance..................................................................................................................... 326

The Issue of Type Safety ...................................................................................................................... 330

A First Look at Generic Collections....................................................................................................... 333

The Role of Generic Type Parameters ...........................................................................334

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Classes/Structures............................................................... 335

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Members.............................................................................. 336

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Interfaces ............................................................................. 337

The System.Collections.Generic Namespace ................................................................338

Understanding Collection Initialization Syntax ..................................................................................... 340

Working with the List<T> Class ........................................................................................................... 341

Working with the Stack<T> Class........................................................................................................ 342

Working with the Queue<T> Class....................................................................................................... 343

Working with the SortedSet<T> Class ................................................................................................. 345

The System.Collections.ObjectModel Namespace.........................................................346

Working with ObservableCollection<T>............................................................................................... 347

Creating Custom Generic Methods ................................................................................349

Inference of Type Parameters .............................................................................................................. 351

 CONTENTS

xvii

Creating Custom Generic Structures and Classes .........................................................353

The default Keyword in Generic Code .................................................................................................. 354

Constraining Type Parameters ......................................................................................355

Examples Using the where Keyword .................................................................................................... 356

The Lack of Operator Constraints......................................................................................................... 357

Summary .......................................................................................................................358

 Chapter 10: Delegates, Events, and Lambda Expressions ..................................359

Understanding the .NET Delegate Type .........................................................................359

Defining a Delegate Type in C# ............................................................................................................ 360

The System.MulticastDelegate and System.Delegate Base Classes.................................................... 362

The Simplest Possible Delegate Example......................................................................364

Investigating a Delegate Object............................................................................................................ 365

Sending Object State Notifications Using Delegates .....................................................367

Enabling Multicasting ........................................................................................................................... 370

Removing Targets from a Delegate’s Invocation List ........................................................................... 371

Method Group Conversion Syntax ........................................................................................................ 372

Understanding Generic Delegates .................................................................................374

The Generic Action<> and Func<> Delegates..................................................................................... 375

Understanding C# Events...............................................................................................378

The C# event Keyword.......................................................................................................................... 379

Events Under the Hood ......................................................................................................................... 380

Listening to Incoming Events ............................................................................................................... 381

Simplifying Event Registration Using Visual Studio.............................................................................. 383

Creating Custom Event Arguments....................................................................................................... 384

The Generic EventHandler<T> Delegate .............................................................................................. 386

Understanding C# Anonymous Methods........................................................................387

Accessing Local Variables .................................................................................................................... 389

 CONTENTS

xviii

Understanding Lambda Expressions .............................................................................390

Dissecting a Lambda Expression.......................................................................................................... 393

Processing Arguments Within Multiple Statements ............................................................................. 394

Lambda Expressions with Multiple (or Zero) Parameters..................................................................... 395

Retrofitting the CarEvents Example Using Lambda Expressions.......................................................... 396

Summary .......................................................................................................................397

 Chapter 11: Advanced C# Language Features ....................................................399

Understanding Indexer Methods....................................................................................399

Indexing Data Using String Values........................................................................................................ 401

Overloading Indexer Methods............................................................................................................... 403

Indexers with Multiple Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 403

Indexer Definitions on Interface Types ................................................................................................. 404

Understanding Operator Overloading ............................................................................404

Overloading Binary Operators............................................................................................................... 405

And What of the += and –+ Operators?............................................................................................... 408

Overloading Unary Operators................................................................................................................ 408

Overloading Equality Operators ............................................................................................................ 409

Overloading Comparison Operators...................................................................................................... 410

Final Thoughts Regarding Operator Overloading.................................................................................. 411

Understanding Custom Type Conversions .....................................................................412

Recall: Numerical Conversions............................................................................................................. 412

Recall: Conversions Among Related Class Types................................................................................. 412

Creating Custom Conversion Routines ................................................................................................. 413

Additional Explicit Conversions for the Square Type ............................................................................ 416

Defining Implicit Conversion Routines.................................................................................................. 417

Understanding Extension Methods ................................................................................418

Defining Extension Methods ................................................................................................................. 418

Invoking Extension Methods................................................................................................................. 420

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