现代无线系统实用RF电路设计第二卷：主动电路与系统

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"Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems Volume 2" 是一本由Rowan Gilmore和Les Besser合著的专业书籍，专注于现代无线系统中的射频（RF）电路设计，特别是主动电路和系统的设计。这本书是Artech House Microwave Library系列的一部分。在无线通信领域，射频电路设计是至关重要的，因为它们负责信号的传输、接收和处理。本书第二卷重点讨论了主动电路和系统，这些是无线系统的核心组件，包括放大器、混频器、振荡器、调制器和解调器等。主动电路通常指的是含有有源元件（如晶体管、运算放大器）的电路，这些元件能够放大信号或改变信号的特性。以下是本书可能涵盖的一些关键知识点： 1. **射频放大器设计**：包括低噪声放大器（LNA）、功率放大器（PA）等，这些放大器在信号链路中起着提升信号强度、降低噪声和保持信号质量的作用。 2. **混频器与变频技术**：混频器用于将射频信号与本地振荡器信号混合，从而改变信号的频率。书中可能详细讲解不同类型的混频器（如模拟混频器和数字混频器）及其工作原理。 3. **振荡器设计**：振荡器是无线系统的心脏，用于生成稳定的信号源。书中的内容可能涵盖了各种类型的振荡器，如LC振荡器、压控振荡器（VCO）以及相位噪声和频率稳定性的优化。 4. **调制与解调**：调制用于将信息加载到射频载波上，而解调则是从接收到的信号中提取信息的过程。书中可能会介绍AM、FM、PM、QAM等多种调制方式，以及对应的解调技术。 5. **射频集成电路（RFIC）设计**：随着无线通信技术的发展，RFIC在系统集成中的作用越来越重要。本书可能涉及RFIC设计的基本原则，如CMOS、GaAs等工艺，以及片上系统（SoC）的实现。 6. **射频系统设计考虑**：除了单个电路设计，书中还会涉及系统级的考虑，如天线匹配网络、滤波器设计、射频前端架构等，这些都是确保整个无线系统性能的关键因素。 7. **仿真工具与实验**：可能包括使用仿真软件（如ADS、HFSS等）进行射频电路设计和分析的方法，以及实际电路搭建和测试的经验分享。 8. **参考文献与索引**：书后附有详细的参考文献列表和索引，方便读者进一步研究和深入学习相关主题。 "Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems Volume 2" 是一份全面的参考资料，适合对射频工程和无线系统设计感兴趣的工程师、学生和研究人员，提供了从基本概念到高级技术的深度探讨。通过阅读此书，读者可以深入理解并掌握现代无线通信系统中主动电路和系统的设计和优化。

microwave and RF circuits, in gaining intuitive insight, and in applying

that to their work. We hope we have captured that spirit herein.

This book is not written for the expert. If anything, we have omitted

specialist material (it is long enough as it is!). We often begin our courses by

telling our students that if they have spent the past year characterizing the

intermodulation properties of a device to design a predistorter circuit, they

are probably already one of just a handful of experts in the world in that

area—and they can probably teach us something. Although we hope this

book will convey the background and insight to set you on the road to

becoming an expert, it will not take you down the narrow and winding

lanes that make you one. We have focused on discrete circuits and discrete

circuit design rather than IC design, believing that only when discrete

design is mastered can those techniques be applied to integrated circuits. In

consciously stopping short of IC design, we have not considered many

worthy topics, such as RC or AGC oscillators or complex biasing tech

niques. Nor have we considered integrated systems such as phase-locked

loops. All these topics are worthily covered elsewhere in expert texts of

their own, and rightly so. Perhaps a third volume of this series will one day

attempt to simplify those topics as well, should our wives ever let us back

near our computers again!

These two volumes can be used as a final-year text in applied RF engi-

neering towards a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, or as part of a

master’s degree coursework material, or as a reference by the engineer who

has already reached that level. In the university context, it is suited for a

two-semester course. We assume that the student already has an under-

standing of basic topics such as phasors, electromagnetics, Fourier trans-

forms, circuit analysis, and semiconductors. To be on the safe side,

Chapters 1 and 2 of Volume I summarize most of the fundamentals needed

as a foundation. From that background, we recommend that the text be

taught in the order in which we have presented the chapters. Our experi

ence is that after some initial preliminaries, the systems material starting in

Chapter 3 of Volume I can motivate the rest. It contains simple applica

tions of radio technology so that the student can feel worthwhile accom

plishment early on and will see good reason to pursue his or her subsequent

detailed work. We attempt to close the circle at the end of this volume by

returning to the radio systems aspects started at the beginning, but now

armed with a more detailed understanding of the technology. Prototyping

a radio system with some of the integrated circuits in the final chapter

would be a worthwhile student project that could proceed throughout the

year, building on the self-discovery process in parallel with the formal

learning. In the middle, we cover all the important techniques of RF, such

as impedance matching, device characterization and modeling, amplifiers,

oscillators, and mixers. Knowing how to build high-speed blocks for gain,

loss, frequency conversion, and oscillation enables the student to go on to

build almost any RF component.

xiv Preface

This text differs from others in that we focus on the systems aspects of a

design. To use a metaphor, we look at the forest rather than the trees,

although we have included plenty of different greenery and spend ample

time examining the leaves and branches as well. We assume the student

comes with a basic knowledge of agriculture, understanding the soil, rain,

sun, and so on. We have not focused on any one particular topic, although

because the property of amplification is so fundamental, it is covered in

rather more detail. We use amplification to learn about devices, simulation,

distributed elements, characterization, impedance matching, stability, gain

and power, and nonlinear behavior. We have also been generous in the use

of the simulator to illustrate each tree with many examples, and we encour

age the student to develop his own. Our goal is that by the end of the text,

the student will be able to plan and seed his or her own forest with enough

interest to make it grow.

Throughout the book, we emphasize computer-aided design (CAD)

techniques and encourage you to use them as much as possible in your

daily work. At the same time, we abhor the idea of blindfold optimization

without first obtaining a reasonable initial estimate and intuitive feel for the

outcome. Although today’s CAD tools are powerful enough to reach a

solution at times for simple problems, relying on optimization without

understanding the underlying circuit or system fundamentals is a poor

practice that inevitably leads to failure. Combining CAD techniques with a

thorough understanding of RF fundamentals and use of traditional engi-

neering tools is the best way to be successful.

The text contains material that is both mature and state of the art,

although we have been inclined to retain mature material if it is still current

and where it can provide more fundamental understanding than a result

just published in a recent journal. We believe that great textbooks are writ

ten to last for years. They should teach fundamental principles that can be

applied to each recent technological advance as it comes along and not

become obsolete in the process. Our courses have attempted to do just

that, and in encapsulating the core of what we have taught, we hope we

will achieve that here as well.

Preface xv

Chapter 0

Acknowledgments

Like many others, this book has grown out of course notes. In particular,

the courses Applied RF Techniques I, Applied RF Techniques II, and

Applied Wireless and Microwave Techniques we have taught at Besser

Associates and CEI Europe have been especially fruitful in this regard. This

book, however, does differ from similar books in that we have taught these

courses to the rather more demanding audience of graduate, practicing

engineers, which we hope will make it quite relevant. Accompanying us in

our teaching of these courses have been other notables in the industry, who

have helped shape these notes, and therefore this book. In particular, they

include Ed Niehenke and Alan Podell, who have helped to develop, struc-

ture, and formulate these presentations over the years. Their contributions

to this book are sometimes implicit, but nevertheless manifold, especially

in this volume. Other Besser instructors—Rick Fornes, Steve Hamilton,

and Lynne Olsen—have also provided many helpful suggestions and

improvements. The comments of Giora Goldberg, Bob Morrow, and

Irving Kalet in their particular areas of expertise have also enriched the text.

We are also indebted to the numerous CAD vendors whose products

we have liberally used both in this text and our coursework. In particular,

the efforts of the highly professional and responsive staff at Applied Wave

Research have enabled much of this work. Dane Collins, vice president of

engineering at AWR, has frequently gone out of his way to assist us, as has

their support group. Steve Maas, CTO at AWR, has also assisted us with

technical issues.

We are also thankful to Bill Bridges, Joe Civello, Danielle Flint, Ian

Piper, Sid Seward, and Al Ward at Agilent Technologies for providing cir

cuit and device information, as well as software, so that we could keep the

focus of this book practical. The contribution of Bob Stengel and Bill

Eisenstadt of the University of Florida on mixed-mode S-parameter tech

niques was particularly helpful since there is little published material on the

subject.

Bill Gonzalez of the University of Miami has also made many helpful

suggestions and corrections to the books.

Others who assisted with design and CAD information include Rich

Carlson at Motorola, Aki Nakatani at Ansoft, Mike Meehan at Agilent

Technologies, Shawn Carpenter, Jim Rautio, and Volker Muehlhaus at

xvii

Sonnet, and former colleague Peter Sturzu. We acknowledge and appreci

ate their help.

Thanks should also go to the many staff at the semiconductor manufac

turers who helped us with device information and drawings. Their compa

nies include Agilent, Analog Devices, Anadigics, California Eastern, IBM,

Infineon, M/A-COM, Maxim, Motorola, Peregrine, and Philips. We also

received support from the staff of ATC, Coilcraft, Maury Microwave,

Modelithics, and Murata, who helped us with their datasheets and device

data—sometimes hot off the press.

Colleagues at Besser Associates, Jeff Lange and Annie Wong, have also

assisted. Rex Frobenius worked long hours to make corrections and pro

vided ideas as well as support with many of the illustrations. Les’ daughter

Daphne also lent her graphics expertise to generate many of our illustra

tions. Thanks should also go to Les’ son Kent and daughter Nanci for their

proofreading and helpful suggestions.

The staff at Artech House who produced this book have also worked

tirelessly. Mark Walsh, Barbara Lovenvirth, Rebecca Allendorf, Judi

Stone, and Darrell Judd have all managed the idiosyncrasies and extra effort

of working with two authors on opposite sides of the globe. We thank

them all that through their efforts we managed to finally make it to print.

Our reviewers helped to reshape sections and clarify points when we had

strayed, and they encouraged us when we were on the right path. We

thank them for keeping us honest.

To our former students from various countries we express our grati-

tude and appreciation for providing criticism and suggestions about the

content of the courses we have presented. We appreciated the feedback

that enabled us to fine-tune our delivery, tweak our examples, and stay

focused on a practical theme.

Finally and most importantly we thank our families who missed us for

weeks on end as we stayed glued to our computers. There must be a funda

mental law defining how much time it takes to write a two-volume book,

but instead of listening to those who have done it before, we set out to

prove that we could do it in 6 months—more or less, we thought. As it

turned out, it was much, much more! We eventually stopped keeping

track of the 18-hour workdays of thinking, writing, talking, simulating,

and drawing that required withdrawal and silence. We are indebted to our

families for putting up with all that. Without their understanding that what

a man’s got to do, he’s got to do, this would never have been accomplished.

xviii Acknowledgments

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