UNIX-like操作系统文件系统层级标准
5星 · 超过95%的资源 需积分: 0 9 浏览量
更新于2024-07-29
收藏 499KB PDF 举报 "Linux 文件系统层次标准 (FHS) 2.3 版本文档"
Linux 文件系统层次标准（Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, FHS）是一个规定了Linux操作系统中文件和目录放置规则的标准。该标准由Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Group编写，主要编辑者包括Rusty Russell、Daniel Quinlan和Christopher Yeoh。FHS的主要目标是提高不同应用程序、系统管理工具、开发工具和脚本之间的互操作性，以及使系统的文档更加统一。
FHS定义了一系列的要求和指南，这些要求和指南适用于类似UNIX的操作系统。在Linux系统中，文件和目录的组织结构至关重要，因为它直接影响到系统的可维护性和用户友好性。FHS将文件系统划分为多个层次分明的目录，每个目录都有特定的用途和预期内容。
例如，`/bin` 目录存放基本的用户命令，这些命令在单用户模式下也能运行；`/usr` 目录包含非必要的系统程序和数据，如用户应用软件；`/etc` 用于存储系统配置文件；`/var` 存储可变数据，如日志、缓存和数据库；`/home` 是用户个人目录的根；`/lib` 和 `/usr/lib` 放置系统库文件；`/sbin` 保存系统管理命令，通常只供管理员使用。
FHS的实施有助于保持系统的整洁和模块化，使得开发者和系统管理员能更容易地理解和维护系统。此外，它还确保了跨发行版的兼容性，使得一个在遵循FHS的系统上编写的脚本或程序在其他同样遵循此标准的系统上也能正常工作。
标准的版权由相关作者持有，但允许无条件复制和分发原文本，只要保留版权信息和许可通知。修改后的版本也可以复制和分发，但需明确表明修改之处。
遵循FHS对于任何Linux系统的设计和管理都是至关重要的，无论是个人工作站、服务器集群还是嵌入式设备。理解并遵守这些标准，可以确保系统的稳定性和可扩展性，同时简化了故障排查和系统升级过程。
Chapter 3. The Root Filesystem
3.1. Purpose
The contents of the root filesystem must be adequate to boot, restore, recover, and/or repair the system.
• To boot a system, enough must be present on the root partition to mount other filesystems. This includes
utilities, configuration, boot loader information, and other essential start-up data. /usr, /opt, and /var are
designed such that they may be located on other partitions or filesystems.
• To enable recovery and/or repair of a system, those utilities needed by an experienced maintainer to diagnose
and reconstruct a damaged system must be present on the root filesystem.
• To restore a system, those utilities needed to restore from system backups (on floppy, tape, etc.) must be
present on the root filesystem.
Rationale
The primary concern used to balance these considerations, which favor placing many things on the root
filesystem, is the goal of keeping root as small as reasonably possible. For several reasons, it is desirable to
keep the root filesystem small:
• It is occasionally mounted from very small media.
• The root filesystem contains many system-specific configuration files. Possible examples include a kernel
that is specific to the system, a specific hostname, etc. This means that the root filesystem isn’t always
shareable between networked systems. Keeping it small on servers in networked systems minimizes the
amount of lost space for areas of unshareable files. It also allows workstations with smaller local hard
drives.
• While you may have the root filesystem on a large partition, and may be able to fill it to your heart’s
content, there will be people with smaller partitions. If you have more files installed, you may find
incompatibilities with other systems using root filesystems on smaller partitions. If you are a developer
then you may be turning your assumption into a problem for a large number of users.
• Disk errors that corrupt data on the root filesystem are a greater problem than errors on any other
partition. A small root filesystem is less prone to corruption as the result of a system crash.
Applications must never create or require special files or subdirectories in the root directory. Other locations in
the FHS hierarchy provide more than enough flexibility for any package.
Rationale
There are several reasons why creating a new subdirectory of the root filesystem is prohibited:
• It demands space on a root partition which the system administrator may want kept small and simple for
either performance or security reasons.
• It evades whatever discipline the system administrator may have set up for distributing standard file
hierarchies across mountable volumes.
Distributions should not create new directories in the root hierarchy without extremely careful consideration
of the consequences including for application portability.
3
剩余51页未读，继续阅读
2022-09-19 上传
2018-03-12 上传
2020-08-12 上传
2021-05-13 上传
2023-07-14 上传
2022-01-28 上传
jichunlai
- 粉丝: 38
- 资源: 48
我的内容管理
展开
最新资源
- 高清艺术文字图标资源，PNG和ICO格式免费下载
- mui框架HTML5应用界面组件使用示例教程
- Vue.js开发利器：chrome-vue-devtools插件解析
- 掌握ElectronBrowserJS：打造跨平台电子应用
- 前端导师教程：构建与部署社交证明页面
- Java多线程与线程安全在断点续传中的实现
- 免Root一键卸载安卓预装应用教程
- 易语言实现高级表格滚动条完美控制技巧
- 超声波测距尺的源码实现
- 数据可视化与交互：构建易用的数据界面
- 实现Discourse外聘回复自动标记的简易插件
- 链表的头插法与尾插法实现及长度计算
- Playwright与Typescript及Mocha集成：自动化UI测试实践指南
- 128x128像素线性工具图标下载集合
- 易语言安装包程序增强版：智能导入与重复库过滤
- 利用AJAX与Spotify API在Google地图中探索世界音乐排行榜
