基于涡旋-gallery 模式的微球谐振器在环空心纤维中的耦合

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"嵌入式微球谐振器中的 whispering-gallery 模式" 本文提出了一个新的 Whispering-Gallery 模式微球谐振器，嵌入在一个锥形中空环形核心光纤（Hollow Annular Core Fiber，HACF）中。该谐振器通过与单模光纤（Single-Mode Fiber，SMF）的耦合，实现了 Whispering-Gallery 模式的激发。 Whispering-Gallery 模式是一种特殊的谐振模式，它出现于某些微球谐振器中。这种模式的特点是，它可以在微球谐振器的表面上形成一个环形分布的电磁场，从而实现了高 Q 因子的谐振。在本文中，作者们提出了一个新的耦合器来激发 Whispering-Gallery 模式。该耦合器是通过将 HACF 与 SMF熔接，然后对熔接点进行锥形处理，以减少锥形顶角。这样可以增强从 SMF 到 HACF 的耦合效率，从而激发 Whispering-Gallery 模式。该技术可以应用于光子学和激光技术中，例如激光器、光纤传感器等领域。 Whispering-Gallery 模式的谐振器可以作为一种新的激光器，具有高 Q 因子和高灵敏度的特点。本文的贡献在于，提出了一个新的耦合器来激发 Whispering-Gallery 模式，提高了从 SMF 到 HACF 的耦合效率。同时，该技术可以应用于光子学和激光技术中的各种领域。知识点： 1. Whispering-Gallery 模式：一种特殊的谐振模式，出现于某些微球谐振器中。 2. 微球谐振器：一种特殊的谐振器，可以激发 Whispering-Gallery 模式。 3. Hollow Annular Core Fiber（HACF）：一种特殊的光纤，具有中空环形核心。 4. 耦合器：一种用于激发 Whispering-Gallery 模式的设备，通过将 HACF 与 SMF 熔接，然后对熔接点进行锥形处理。 5. 锥形处理：一种用于减少锥形顶角的方法，以增强从 SMF 到 HACF 的耦合效率。本文提出了一个新的耦合器来激发 Whispering-Gallery 模式，提高了从 SMF 到 HACF 的耦合效率，该技术可以应用于光子学和激光技术中的各种领域。

Embedded whispering-gallery mode microsphere

resonator in a tapered hollow annular core fiber

JIAWEI WANG,

XIAOBEI ZHANG,

*MING YAN,

LEI YANG,

FENGYU HOU,

WEN SUN,

XIAOTONG ZHANG,

LIBO YUAN,

HAI XIAO,

AND TINGYUN WANG

Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and

Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

The Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China

School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA

*Corresponding author: xbzhang@shu.edu.cn

Received 31 August 2018; revised 12 October 2018; accepted 13 October 2018; posted 16 October 2018 (Doc. ID 344719);

published 19 November 2018

We propose and demonstrate a tapered hollow annular core fiber (HACF) coupler for excitation of whispering-

gallery modes (WGMs) of an embedded microsphere resonator. The coupler is simply fabricated by fusion splic-

ing of a segment of HACF with the single-mode fiber (SMF), and then improved by tapering the splicing joint to

reduce the cone-apex angle. Therefore, the coupling efficiency from the SMF to the HACF is enhanc ed to excite

various WGMs via evanescent field coupling. Normal positive, negative symmetrical Lorentzian and asymmetric

Fano line shapes can be obtained by varying the resonator size and location. Another interesting phenomenon

is observed that a higher Q-factor mode in a lower Q-factor mode has a contrast as high as 58. Temperature

sensing with good stability is also demonstrated. This embedded WGM microsphere resonator in the tapered

HACF is expected to promote environmental adaptability in practical applications due to its simplicity and

robustness.

https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.001124

1. INTRODUCTION

Optical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonators confine

the electromagnetic wave by continuous total internal reflection

at the resonator edge [1,2], and usually have symmetrical

Lorentzian [3,4], asymmetric Fano [5–8], and electromagneti-

cally induced transparency (EIT) line shapes [9–11]. Due to

extremely high values of the Q-factor and small mode volumes

of WGMs, they also have broad application prospects for filters

[12], sensors [4,13–15], low-threshold lasers [16–18], cavity

optomechanics [19 ,20], and nonlinearities [21,22]. It is par-

ticularly important to couple the light from the outside into

resonators to excite WGMs. Common WGM excitation

schemes are generally based on phase-matching of the evanes-

cent fields, for example, using prisms [23], fiber tapers [11],

D-shaped fiber [6,24], angle polished fiber [25], optical wave-

guides [10], free-space coupling [26], and chaos-assisted broad-

band momentum transformation [27]. The above coupling

method is, however, less robust, and the resonance wavelength

can shift or even disappear due to external air flow, dust, or

slight movements and vibrations of the coupler. So some meth-

ods have been proposed to improve the robustness, such as

using glue encapsulation [28 ].

Recently, some novel coupling methods have been pro-

posed, such as attaching microspheres on the end of micro-

structured optical fibers, of which the coupler is robust and gets

a Q-factor of 500 [29]. Furthermore, the microsphere is

embedded into micro-structured optical fibers, and the

Q-factor increases to 2.2 × 10

[30]. In order to enhance

the robustness and Q-factor, the microsphere is encapsulated

inside a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) [31] or a silica capillary

[32–34] with a small inner diameter, both of which are fabri-

cated by chemical etching, with a Q-factor of about 1.58 × 10

and 2.57 × 10

, respectively. However, the chemical etching

causes the coupling position and the reflective surface to be

coarse. The core in the PCF and the fiber pigtailed thin wall

are fragile. Moreover, the etching process is complicated. The

key point is to couple the light into the resonator, while the

hollow annular core fiber (HACF) [35] fortunately has an inner

high-index core to confine the light with an opening to embed

a resonator for exciting WGMs.

In this paper, an embedded WGM microsphere resonator in

a tapered HACF is proposed for excitation of WGMs to avoid

the etching process in the previous configurations and maintain

a high robustness. First, we theoretically and experimentally

study the effect of the taper length on the coupling efficiency

1124

Vol. 6, No. 12 / December 2018 / Photonics Research

Research Article

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