VirtualBox 4.1.8用户手册：快速入门与设置

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Oracle VM VirtualBox 是一款由 Oracle 公司开发的开源虚拟化软件，专注于在物理硬件上创建和管理虚拟机环境。版本 4.1.8-75467-Win.exe 提供了详细的用户手册（UserManual.pdf），该手册旨在帮助用户理解和操作这个强大的工具。第1章 "Firststeps" 部分介绍了虚拟化技术的基本概念和 VirtualBox 的主要特性，包括： 1.1 概述虚拟化的重要性，解释了它如何通过模拟硬件环境，使用户可以在一台计算机上运行多个操作系统实例，提高资源利用率和灵活性。 1.2 定义了一些关键术语，如虚拟机（VM）、主机操作系统、宿主机等，帮助读者理解虚拟化中的基本构成。 1.3 特性概述，涵盖了功能如硬件虚拟化、网络隔离、动态内存分配、USB支持等，这些都让 VirtualBox 能够提供高效且兼容的虚拟环境。 1.4 列出了支持的主机操作系统，包括 Windows、Linux、Mac OS X 和 Solaris 等，确保用户可以根据自己的实际需求选择合适的平台。 1.5 到 1.14 部分详细介绍了安装 VirtualBox 的步骤，包括可能需要的先决条件、安装流程，以及如何配置和使用虚拟机，如创建新机器、启动、控制输入输出设备、调整大小、保存状态、创建和管理快照、配置机器设置、删除或克隆虚拟机，以及导入导出虚拟机实例。第2章 "Installationdetails" 更深入地探讨了安装细节，针对 Windows 主机提供了具体的指导，包括安装前的系统检查和配置，以及安装过程中的注意事项。这部分内容对于初次接触 VirtualBox 的用户来说至关重要，它确保了用户能够顺利地将这个工具集成到其工作流程中，同时提供了足够的技术支持来解决可能出现的问题。 Oracle VM VirtualBox UserManual.pdf 是一个全面的指南，无论你是希望创建简单的开发测试环境，还是进行更复杂的生产级部署，都能从中找到所需的信息。通过阅读并遵循手册中的步骤，用户可以充分利用虚拟化的优势，提升工作效率并实现资源的有效利用。

1 First steps

window that shows up, go to the “Extensions” category which shows you the extensions

which are currently installed and allows you to remove a package or add a new one.

Alternatively you can use VBoxManage on the command line: see chapter 8.35, VBoxMan-

age extpack, page 140 for details.

1.6 Starting VirtualBox

After installation, you can start VirtualBox as follows:

• On a Windows host, in the standard “Programs” menu, click on the item in the “VirtualBox”

group. On Vista or Windows 7, you can also type “VirtualBox” in the search box of the

“Start” menu.

• On a Mac OS X host, in the Finder, double-click on the “VirtualBox” item in the “Applica-

tions” folder. (You may want to drag this item onto your Dock.)

• On a Linux or Solaris host, depending on your desktop environment, a “VirtualBox” item

may have been placed in either the “System” or “System Tools” group of your “Applications”

menu. Alternatively, you can type VirtualBox in a terminal.

When you start VirtualBox for the ﬁrst time, a window like the following should come up:

This window is called the “VirtualBox Manager”. On the left, you can see a pane that will later

list all your virtual machines. Since you have not created any, the list is empty. A row of buttons

above it allows you to create new VMs and work on existing VMs, once you have some. The pane

on the right displays the properties of the virtual machine currently selected, if any. Again, since

you don’t have any machines yet, the pane displays a welcome message.

To give you an idea what VirtualBox might look like later, after you have created many ma-

chines, here’s another example:

1 First steps

3. On the next page, select the memory (RAM) that VirtualBox should allocate every time

the virtual machine is started. The amount of memory given here will be taken away from

your host machine and presented to the guest operating system, which will report this size

as the (virtual) computer’s installed RAM.

Note: Choose this setting carefully! The memory you give to the VM will not be

available to your host OS while the VM is running, so do not specify more than you can

spare. For example, if your host machine has 1 GB of RAM and you enter 512 MB as

the amount of RAM for a particular virtual machine, while that VM is running, you will

only have 512 MB left for all the other software on your host. If you run two VMs at

the same time, even more memory will be allocated for the second VM (which may not

even be able to start if that memory is not available). On the other hand, you should

specify as much as your guest OS (and your applications) will require to run properly.

A Windows XP guest will require at least a few hundred MB RAM to run properly, and

Windows Vista will even refuse to install with less than 512 MB. Of course, if you want to

run graphics-intensive applications in your VM, you may require even more RAM.

So, as a rule of thumb, if you have 1 GB of RAM or more in your host computer, it is usually

safe to allocate 512 MB to each VM. But, in any case, make sure you always have at least

256 to 512 MB of RAM left on your host operating system. Otherwise you may cause your

host OS to excessively swap out memory to your hard disk, effectively bringing your host

system to a standstill.

As with the other settings, you can change this setting later, after you have created the VM.

4. Next, you must specify a virtual hard disk for your VM.

There are many and potentially complicated ways in which VirtualBox can provide hard

disk space to a VM (see chapter 5, Virtual storage, page 75 for details), but the most

common way is to use a large image ﬁle on your “real” hard disk, whose contents VirtualBox

presents to your VM as if it were a complete hard disk. This ﬁle represents an entire hard

disk then, so you can even copy it to another host and use it with another VirtualBox

installation.

The wizard shows you the following window:

Here you have the following options:

1 First steps

• To create a new, empty virtual hard disk, press the “New” button.

• You can pick an existing disk image ﬁle.

The drop-down list presented in the window contains all disk images which are cur-

rently remembered by VirtualBox, probably because they are currently attached to a

virtual machine (or have been in the past).

Alternatively, you can click on the small folder button next to the drop-down list to

bring up a standard ﬁle dialog, which allows you to pick any disk image ﬁle on your

host disk.

Most probably, if you are using VirtualBox for the ﬁrst time, you will want to create a new

disk image. Hence, press the “New” button.

This brings up another window, the “Create New Virtual Disk Wizard”, which helps you

create a new disk image ﬁle in the new virtual machine’s folder.

VirtualBox supports two types of image ﬁles:

• A dynamically allocated ﬁle will only grow in size when the guest actually stores

data on its virtual hard disk. It will therefore initially be small on the host hard drive

and only later grow to the size speciﬁed as it is ﬁlled with data.

• A ﬁxed-size ﬁle will immediately occupy the ﬁle speciﬁed, even if only a fraction of

the virtual hard disk space is actually in use. While occupying much more space, a

ﬁxed-size ﬁle incurs less overhead and is therefore slightly faster than a dynamically

allocated ﬁle.

For details about the differences, please refer to chapter 5.2, Disk image ﬁles (VDI, VMDK,

VHD, HDD), page 77.

To prevent your physical hard disk from running full, VirtualBox limits the size of the image

ﬁle. Still, it needs to be large enough to hold the contents of your operating system and the

applications you want to install – for a modern Windows or Linux guest, you will probably

need several gigabytes for any serious use:

After having selected or created your image ﬁle, again press “Next” to go to the next page.

5. After clicking on “Finish”, your new virtual machine will be created. You will then see it

in the list on the left side of the Manager window, with the name you entered initially.

1 First steps

1.8 Running your virtual machine

To start a virtual machine, you have several options:

• Double-click on its entry in the list within the Manager window or

• select its entry in the list in the Manager window it and press the “Start” button at the top

• for virtual machines created with VirtualBox 4.0 or later, navigate to the “VirtualBox VMs”

folder in your system user’s home directory, ﬁnd the subdirectory of the machine you want

to start and double-click on the machine settings ﬁle (with a .vbox ﬁle extension).

This opens up a new window, and the virtual machine which you selected will boot up. Every-

thing which would normally be seen on the virtual system’s monitor is shown in the window, as

can be seen with the image in chapter 1.2, Some terminology, page 11.

In general, you can use the virtual machine much like you would use a real computer. There

are couple of points worth mentioning however.

1.8.1 Starting a new VM for the ﬁrst time

When a VM gets started for the ﬁrst time, another wizard – the “First Start Wizard” – will

pop up to help you select an installation medium. Since the VM is created empty, it would

otherwise behave just like a real computer with no operating system installed: it will do nothing

and display an error message that no bootable operating system was found.

For this reason, the wizard helps you select a medium to install an operating system from.

• If you have physical CD or DVD media from which you want to install your guest operating

system (e.g. in the case of a Windows installation CD or DVD), put the media into your

host’s CD or DVD drive.

Then, in the wizard’s drop-down list of installation media, select “Host drive” with the

correct drive letter (or, in the case of a Linux host, device ﬁle). This will allow your VM to

access the media in your host drive, and you can proceed to install from there.

• If you have downloaded installation media from the Internet in the form of an ISO image

ﬁle (most probably in the case of a Linux distribution), you would normally burn this ﬁle

to an empty CD or DVD and proceed as just described. With VirtualBox however, you can

skip this step and mount the ISO ﬁle directly. VirtualBox will then present this ﬁle as a CD

or DVD-ROM drive to the virtual machine, much like it does with virtual hard disk images.

For this case, the wizard’s drop-down list contains a list of installation media that were

previously used with VirtualBox.

If your medium is not in the list (especially if you are using VirtualBox for the ﬁrst time),

select the small folder icon next to the drop-down list to bring up a standard ﬁle dialog,

with which you can pick the image ﬁle on your host disks.

In both cases, after making the choices in the wizard, you will be able to install your operating

system.

1.8.2 Capturing and releasing keyboard and mouse

As of version 3.2, VirtualBox provides a virtual USB tablet device to new virtual machines through

which mouse events are communicated to the guest operating system. As a result, if you are

running a modern guest operating system that can handle such devices, mouse support may

work out of the box without the mouse being “captured” as described below; see chapter 3.4.1,

“Motherboard” tab, page 46 for more information.

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VirtualBox 4.1.8用户手册：快速入门与设置

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