解决问题的艺术：Forth编程语言与哲学

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"第四思考：解决问题的语言和哲学Thinking Forth: A Language and Philosophy for Solving Problems" 这本书《第四思考：解决问题的语言和哲学》是 Leo Brodie 的著作，它深入探讨了编程语言Forth在问题解决和编程思维方式上的哲学。Forth是一种独特的、低级的、堆栈为基础的编程语言，它以其简洁、高效和灵活性而受到程序员的青睐。书中不仅涵盖了Forth编程的基础知识，还包含了对Forth发明者Charles H. Moore以及其他Forth领域专家的访谈，为读者提供了丰富的Forth思想和实践经验。书中内容可能包括以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Forth编程基础**：Forth语言的基本结构、语法和命令，以及如何使用它的堆栈机制来处理数据。Forth的这种直接性和低级特性使得代码更接近机器语言，从而在某些应用中具有很高的效率。 2. **解决问题的哲学**：作者强调了Forth编程中解决问题的方法论，包括自底向上设计、模块化编程和递归等原则。这些哲学思想可以帮助开发者构建清晰、可维护的代码。 3. **Forth环境与工具**：介绍Forth开发环境的使用，如交互式编程、编译器和解释器的工作原理，以及如何调试和优化Forth程序。 4. **实际应用**：通过具体的实例展示Forth在嵌入式系统、实时系统、硬件控制和系统编程等领域的应用，体现其灵活性和强大功能。 5. **高级主题**：涵盖Forth的扩展和定制，如创建新的词汇、实现操作系统内核或者构建特定用途的编程环境。 6. **Forth社区与文化**：书中可能包含对Forth社区的描述，展示了Forth程序员如何通过分享知识和经验来共同推进这一领域的进步。 7. **学习与实践**：书中可能提供了学习Forth的策略和技巧，鼓励读者通过实践来理解和掌握Forth的精髓。 8. **版权信息**：书中的内容遵循Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0许可，允许非商业性复制、分发、展示和表演，以及创作衍生作品，但必须保留原作者的署名权，并且新作品也需要遵循相同的许可条件。通过阅读这本书，无论是初学者还是有经验的Forth开发者，都能深化对问题解决的理解，提升编程技能，同时也能领略到编程语言背后所蕴含的深刻哲学。

A few words about the layout of the book; After devoting the ﬁrst chap-

ter to fundamental concepts, I’ve patterned the book after the software de-

velopment cycle; from initial speciﬁcation up through implementation. The

appendixes in back include an overview of Forth for those new to the language,

code for several of the utilities described, answers to problems, and a summary

of style conventions. Many of the ideas in this book are unscientiﬁc. They are

based on subjective experience and observations of our own humanity. For this

reason, I’ve included interviews with a variety of Forth professionals, not all

of whom completely agree with one another, or with me. All these opinions

are subject to change without notice. The book also oﬀers suggestions called

“tips.” They are meant to be taken only as they apply to your situation. Forth

thinking accepts no inviolable rules. To ensure the widest possible conformity

to available Forth systems, all coded examples in this book are consistent with

the Forth-83 Standard. One individual who greatly inﬂuenced this book is the

man who invented Forth, Charles Moore. In addition to spending several

days interviewing him for this book, I’ve been privileged to watch him at work.

He is a master craftsman, moving with speed and deftness, as though he were

physically altering the conceptual models inside the machine—building, tin-

kering, playing. He accomplishes this with a minimum of tools (the result of

an ongoing battle against insidious complexity) and few restrictions other than

those imposed by his own techniques. I hope this book captures some of his

wisdom. Enjoy!

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to all the good people who gave their time and ideas to this book,

including: Charles Moore, Dr. Mark Bernstein, Dave Johnson, John

Teleska, Dr. Michael Starling, Dr. Peter Kogge, Tom Dowling,

Donald Burgess, Cary Campbell, Dr. Raymond Dessy, Michael Ham,

and Kim Harris. Another of the interviewees, Michael LaManna, passed

away while this book was in production. He is deeply missed by those of us

who loved him.

xiv Preface

Programmers entered these programs by setting rows of switches—“on” if the

digit was “1,” “oﬀ” if the digit was “0.” These values were the “machine instruc-

tions” for the computer, and each one caused the computer to perform some

mundane operation like “Move the contents or Register B to Register A,” or

“Add the contents of Register C into the contents of Register A.”

This proved a bit tedious.

Tedium being the stepmother of invention, some clever programmers re-

alized that the computer itself could be used to help. so they wrote a program

that translated easy-to-remember abbreviations into the hard-to-remember bit

patterns. The new language looked something like this:

MOV B,A

ADD C,A

JMC REC1

The translator program was called an assembler, the new language assembly

language. Each instruction “assembled” the appropriate bit pattern for that

instruction, with a one-to-one correspondence between assembly instruction

and machine instruction. But names are easier for programmers to remember.

For this reason the new instructions were called mnemonics.

Power

Assembly-language programming is characterized by a one-for-one correspon-

dence between each command that the programmer types and each command

that the processor performs.

In practice, programmers found themselves often repeating the same se-

quence of instructions over and again to accomplish the same thing in diﬀerent

parts of the program. How nice it would be to have a name which would

represent each of these common sequences.

This need was met by the “macro assembler,” a more complicated assem-

bler that could recognize not only normal instructions, but also special names

(“macros”). For each name, the macro assembler assembles the ﬁve or ten ma-

chine instructions represented by the name, just as though the programmer

had written them out in full.

Abstraction

A major advance was the invention of the “high-level language.” Again this

was a translator program, but a more powerful one. High-level languages make

it possible for programmers to write code like this:

X = Y (456/A) - 2

which looks a lot like algebra. Thanks to high-level languages, engineers, not

just bizarre bit-jockeys, could start writing programs. BASIC and FORTRAN

are examples of high-level languages.

Power 3

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