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首页掌握Linux命令行:第二版全面更新
"《Linux命令行入门》第二版是专为那些不排斥通过键盘操作Linux的用户设计的指南。该书面向所有Linux用户和管理员,强调了从命令行进行灵活且高效的系统管理,而不是依赖标准图形用户界面。本书经过验证,适用于主流的Linux发行版,并采取任务导向的方法,不受特定发行版限制。 新版本的《Linux命令行入门》重点更新了最新的Linux操作系统,包括Btrfs文件系统的新功能以及系统启动过程中的systemd管理和firewalld防火墙管理。读者将学习如何使用文件和目录,特别是掌握Btrfs的工作原理。此外,书中还涵盖了用户和权限管理,以及如何部署和配置firewalld防火墙,以保护系统安全。 作者SanervanVugt作为Linux领域的专家,提供了深入浅出的指导,教会读者如何利用命令行来管理文件、安装软件、运行网络服务,以及创建基本的shell脚本。无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的Linux用户,这本书都将帮助你更好地理解Linux的组织结构,培养Linux思维方式。 版权信息显示,本书享有完全的版权,未经许可,任何形式的复制、传播或改编均受到法律保护。然而,为了学术研究或个人计算机系统的测试使用,短篇摘录是可以的,且仅限于购买者本人使用。重复复制本书内容的行为需遵守相应的版权规定。总体而言,《Linux命令行入门》第二版是一本实用且全面的资源,适合希望提升Linux命令行技能的读者深入学习。"
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xvii
■ Contents
■Appendix A: Installing Linux ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 361
Installation Requirements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 361
Installing CentOS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 361
Installing Ubuntu Server ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 369
Index ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 383
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xix
About the Author
Sander van Vugt is a Linux expert working from the Netherlands as an
author, technical trainer, and consultant for clients around the world.
Sander has published several books about different Linux distributions
and is a regular contributor to major international Linux-related web
sites. As a consultant, he is specialized in Linux high availability and
performance optimization. As a technical trainer, Sander is an authorized
trainer for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
More information about the author can be found at his web site at
www.sandervanvugt.com.
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xxi
Introduction
This book is for anyone who wants to master Linux from the command line. When writing it, I had in mind
system administrators, software developers, and enthusiastic users who want to get things going from the
Linux command line. For beginning users, this may be a daunting task, as Linux commands often have many
options documented only in man pages that are not that easy to understand.
This book is distribution agnostic. That is, while writing it, I’ve checked all items against Ubuntu, Red
Hat, and SUSE. Since most distributions are quite similar to one of these three, this book should help you
with other distributions as well. There is only one item in the book that is not distribution agnostic: the
Appendix, which explains how to install either CentOS or Ubuntu.
The book begins with an introduction to exactly what I’m talking about when discussing Linux and its
different appearances: the distributions. In Chapter 1, you’ll also find essential information on how to log
on to the computer and how to find out more about the way a command should be used. Chapter 2 follows
with some essential Linux commands. After reading this chapter, you’ll already start to feel at ease on the
Linux command line; among other things, it teaches you how to work with files and directories and how to
communicate with other users. Chapter 3 moves the focus to one of the most important tasks you’ll perform
when working with Linux: working with files. In this chapter, you’ll learn not only how to copy files and make
directories, but also how to mount devices to your Linux system.
Working with Linux from the command line means working with text files. In Chapter 4, you’ll learn
about the tools that are at your disposal to do this. You’ll get familiar with some of the classic tools, such
as find and grep, and also with some of the more advanced tools, such as awk and sed. Following that, in
Chapter 5 you’ll learn more about partitions, logical volumes, and other advanced file system management
tasks. After reading this chapter, you’ll start feeling at ease on the Linux command line. Chapters 6 and 7
move on to two other essential subjects: the management of users and permissions.
Chapter 8 covers a topic that seems to be handled differently by all the Linux distributions: software
management. This chapter teaches you about generic ways to install and manage software packages, such
as rpm and dpkg, and also about some of the distribution- specific ways to deal with these tasks, such as apt-
get, rpm, and zypper. Chapters 9 and 10 cover tasks that are important for system administration. In these
chapters, you’ll learn how to manage processes and how to handle logging on your computer.
By the time you reach Chapters 11 and 12, you’re ready to explore network-related tasks. In these
chapters, you’ll learn how to configure a network interface and how to set up the Samba and NFS file
services. Chapters 13 and 14 cover two advanced but useful topics: kernel management and shell scripting.
After you finish the last chapter, you’ll have all the knowledge you need to work with Linux from the
command line.
In Appendix B you'll find some additional exercises, which help making this book an excellent study
guide that can be used in classroom environments.
I hope you enjoy reading this book and that it prepares you for getting things done from the Linux
command line!
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1
Chapter 1
Starting Linux Command-Line
Administration
To unleash the full power of Linux, as a Linux administrator you will spend most of your time typing
commands on the Linux command line, the so-called shell prompt. For someone who is new to the
command line, the things that advanced users do there may look like magic. In this chapter, you’ll learn
about the following topics:
• History of the Linux operating system
• What is open source?
• What are distributions?
• Logging in to Linux
• Command basics: working with commands, options, and arguments
• Using piping and redirection
• Getting help with --help and man
• Working with the shell
Linux Distributions
For someone new to Linux, the operating system may appear a little bit strange. Due to its open source
character, there are different versions (the so-called distributions) of Linux. After some Linux history, this
chapter teaches you about the differences and similarities between these distributions so that you’ll be able
to pick the Linux distribution that fits your needs in the best possible way.
Linux History
Linux started around 1991 all because the Finnish student Linus Torvalds wasn’t too happy with Minix, the
educational version of the UNIX operating system that he had to work with at the University of Helsinki.
In particular, the ability of the kernel (which is the heart of the operating system) of this Minix distribution
didn’t please him much. He decided to create a better kernel and gave it the name Linux.
Possibly the smartest thing that Torvalds did when starting his initiative was deciding not to do it alone.
To find other people who wanted to work with him, he posted a message on Usenet, a major social media
platform in those days that could be used to exchange information with other people and get help from
other people.
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Chapter 1 ■ Starting Linux Command-Line adminiStration
2
The initiative by Torvalds didn’t stand on its own. Many other software developers had already started
initiatives to create free software for the UNIX operating system. The only thing that really was missing at that
moment was a kernel that was stable enough to go into production and offer a complete and free alternative
to the expensive UNIX operating system.
Open Source
Right from the start, Torvalds released his software as open source software—that is, software whose source
code is freely available to anyone. This brings a major benefit: other programmers have access to the source
code and thus it becomes much easier to fix issues in the code, with the result of getting code that is more
stable and reliable. This open source initiative fitted well into many other open source programs that were
a part of the GNU initiative. The acronym GNU stands for GNU is Not UNIX, which means that this is about
software written for the UNIX platform but doesn’t use UNIX licensing. This GNU initiative was a part of
the Free Software Foundation (FSF), which wanted to create free software for a better operating system
experience.
When it came to licensing, Torvalds released his software under the GPL. In those days, GPL stood for
GNU Public License, but nowadays it means General Public License. The details of this license are quite
complex, but in essence it means that software released under the GPL can be used and modified by anyone,
as long as the person modifying this software makes sure that his or her modifications will be released under
the GPL as well. In brief: once software has a GPL, it will always stay GPL software. This prevents companies
from making small modifications and then taking the software out of GPL and selling it for a lot of money.
In current Linux versions GPL still is very important. Most distributions consider it an essential property
of the Operating system and will refuse software that doesn’t comply with the conditions in the GPL license.
By being so strict about the licensing, Linux distributions ensure that the software that is released as Open
Source software will always stay Open Source software. Some distrubutions do also allow non-open source
softare to be included, such as binary code for specific firmware. You will notice a different philosophical
approach in this between the different distributions.
The First Distributions
Apart from the Linux kernel, lots of other programs were available under the GPL as well. In the early days,
people who wanted to start using Linux had to go on the Internet and download these software programs
themselves. Often, after downloading them, they even had to compile them for themselves. This compilation
process was necessary to convert the program files, which were published as source code files only, to
executable programs that users could execute on their computer.
Software compilation is not very easy to do, and for that reason, different people started to create
collections that consisted of the Linux kernel and some other useful programs. One of the first persons to
do so was Patrick Volkerding, who started his Slackware distribution in 1993. In those days, this distribution
consisted of different software categories, all put together on no fewer than 43 diskettes. Volkerding was
perhaps the first who made a successful Linux distribution that started to get used on servers all around the
world, and his Slackware distribution still exists, although new releases are not published very frequently.
Linux Turning Mainstream
The years between 1993 and 1998 marked the rise of the Linux operating system. One of the most important
reasons that it took of so rapidly, is that it provided a very affordable alternative for the expensive UNIX
operating system that was used on many mission-critical server systems. In the early days of Linux, no
support was available, but that didn’t prevent scientists at different institutes around the globe to start
working with it. Linux also acquired huge popularity rapidly in educational environments. Due to this
popularity, during this period the most important Linux distributions were created.
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