D语言编程指南：免费英文教程

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“Programming in D”是一本由Ali Çehreli编写的关于D语言的开发教程，它提供了一个免费的英文学习资源，与之前的版本有所不同。该教程的内容基于ddili.org论坛和维基页面的集体智慧，并在Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License下授权。此外，用户可以在ddili.org网站上找到最新的PDF版本，以获取关于D语言编程的最新修订和更新。 D语言是一种高效、现代的系统编程语言，设计时兼顾了性能和生产力。本书“Programming in D”涵盖了D语言的基础到高级主题，旨在帮助读者全面掌握该语言。以下是一些关键章节的概述： 1. **Memory Management（内存管理）**：D语言支持自动垃圾回收，但也允许手动内存管理。这一章深入探讨了内存分配、释放、智能指针以及如何有效地处理内存，包括使用`new`和`delete`操作符，以及使用`scope`关键字来确保资源的正确清理。 2. **Type Traits（类型特性）**：D语言提供了丰富的类型系统，包括类型特性和条件编译。类型特性允许在编译时检查和操作类型属性，这对于编写泛型代码和模板非常有用。 3. **Data Sharing Concurrency（数据共享并发）**：D语言提供了强大的并发原语，如`mutex`、`semaphore`和`atomic`类型，使得在多线程环境中安全地共享数据成为可能。这一章详细介绍了这些工具以及如何避免竞态条件和死锁。 4. **More Functions（更多函数）**：除了基础的函数定义和调用，D语言还支持函数指针、闭包和函数对象。这部分内容可能涵盖函数作为参数、递归函数以及高阶函数的概念。 5. **Mixins（混入）**：混入是D语言的一个独特特性，允许在编译时将一个模块的源代码插入到另一个模块中，这有助于代码复用和创建元编程解决方案。 6. **More Ranges（更多范围）**：D语言的范围概念提供了一种高效的迭代方式，减少了对显式索引和数组遍历的需求。这部分可能讲解了范围的创建、自定义范围以及范围操作符的使用。 7. **Tuples（元组）**：元组允许在一个变量中存储多个不同类型的数据，方便临时数据结构的创建和传递。 8. **More Templates（更多模板）**：D语言的模板功能强大，可以用于泛型编程。这部分可能涵盖了模板的高级用法，如模板元编程和模板约束。 9. **Constants and Const-Correctness（常量和常量正确性）**：D语言强调常量正确性，这意味着在编写代码时需要考虑到值是否可变。这一章可能讨论了如何正确使用`const`关键字以及其在类型系统中的作用。通过阅读和实践“Programming in D”的各个章节，读者可以逐步熟悉D语言的语法、特性，并能够运用这些知识开发出高效、可靠的软件。教程的持续修订确保了内容的时效性和准确性，为学习者提供了最新的D语言编程指南。

size_t

7.2

You will come across the size_t type as well. size_t is not a separate type but an alias of an

existing unsigned type. Its name comes from "size type". It is the most suitable type to

represent concepts like size or count. size_t must be large enough to represent the number

of bytes of the memory that a program can potentially be using. So, its actual size depends on

the system: uint on a 32-bit system, ulong on a 64-bit system, etc.

You can use the .stringof property to see what size_t is an alias of on your system:

import std.stdio;

void main()

{

writeln(size_t.stringof);

}

The output of the program is the following on my system:

ulong

Exercise

7.3

• Print the properties of other types.

Note: You can't use the reserved types cent and ucent in any program; and as an

exception, void does not have the properties .min and .max.

... the solution

Fundamental Types

Variables9

Concrete concepts that are represented in a program are called variables. A value like air

temperature or a more complicated object like a car engine can be variables of a program.

Every variable is of a certain type and has a certain value. Most variables have names as

well, but some variables are anonymous.

As an example of a variable, we can think of the concept of the number of students at a

school. Since the number of students is a whole number, int is a suitable type, and

studentCount would be a sufficiently descriptive name.

According to D's syntax rules, a variable is introduced by its type followed by its name.

Introducing a variable to the program is called its definition. Once a variable is defined, its

name starts representing its value.

import std.stdio;

void main()

{

// The definition of the variable; this definition

// specifies that the type of studentCount is int:

int studentCount;

// The name of the variable becomes its value:

writeln("There are ", studentCount, " students.");

}

The output of this program is the following:

There are 0 students.

As seen from that output, the value of studentCount is 0. This is according to the

fundamental types table from the previous chapter: the initial value of int is 0.

Note that studentCount does not appear in the output as its name. In other words, the

output of the program is not "There are studentCount students".

The values of variables are changed by the = operator. The = operator assigns new values to

variables, and for that reason is called the assignment operator:

import std.stdio;

void main()

{

int studentCount;

writeln("There are ", studentCount, " students.");

// Assigning the value 200 to the studentCount variable:

studentCount = 200;

writeln("There are now ", studentCount, " students.");

}

There are 0 students.

There are now 200 students.

When the value of a variable is known at the time of the variable's definition, the variable can

be defined and assigned at the same time. This is an important guideline; it makes it

impossible to use a variable before assigning its intended value:

Variables

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