GPU Pro 7：移动设备图形编程宝典：高级渲染技术与游戏开发

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《GPU Pro 7 - 手机》是一本由Wolfgang Engel编辑的专业书籍，它属于GPU Pro系列的一部分，这个系列专注于为图形处理单元编程提供关键工具和技巧。本书主要涵盖了高级渲染技术、引擎设计、GPU技术以及相关的数学方法，特别强调了针对移动设备，尤其是iPhone和iPod touch等手持设备的编程策略。随着图形在移动设备上的重要性日益提升，这本书对于游戏开发者来说具有很高的实用价值。本书深入探讨了高级渲染技术，这部分内容可能是关于光线追踪、着色器优化、纹理处理、并行计算和GPU内存管理等高级技术的详细讲解。作者可能介绍了如何利用现代GPU的特性来实现逼真的图像效果，如实时全局光照、阴影、反射和折射等，这些都是游戏视觉质量提升的关键。在引擎设计方面，书中可能会介绍如何构建高效的图形渲染引擎，包括渲染管线设计、物理模拟、场景管理和资源管理等方面。此外，还会涉及如何利用GPU的并行处理能力来提高游戏性能，如图形API（如Direct3D或OpenGL）的最佳实践，以及如何进行性能分析和优化。数学技术部分则可能涵盖了向量运算、矩阵变换、曲面参数化、离散几何和光线跟踪中的数学基础，这些都是实现真实感图形不可或缺的部分。同时，书里也可能讨论了如何将这些数学原理转化为可执行的GPU代码，提高算法的效率。游戏后记（Game Postmortems）通常会分享实际项目的经验教训，包括遇到的技术挑战、解决方案，以及如何适应不同硬件平台的特点。这对于学习者来说，是了解实际开发流程和解决问题策略的重要窗口。《GPU Pro 7 - 手机》版本于2016年发布，包含版权声明，强调所有内容来源于权威和受尊重的来源，并承认可能存在未获得许可的复制材料。如果你发现任何未被认可的版权信息，作者和出版商鼓励读者联系他们以便在后续版本中进行修正。这是一本深入且实用的指南，旨在帮助游戏开发者充分利用GPU的潜能，特别是在移动设备上创造高质量的游戏体验。无论是对于想要提升个人技能的程序员，还是对技术趋势感兴趣的行业观察者，这本书都是一份宝贵的资源。

Geometry

Manipulation

This section of GPU Pro contains two chapters that describe rendering techniques

used in recent games to enrich the environment and increase the visual quality.

The section begins with a chapter by Anton Kai Michels and Peter Sikachev,

who describe the procedural snow deformation rendering in Rise of the Tomb

Raider. Their deferred deformation is used to render trails with depression at the

center and elevation on the edges, allowing gradual reﬁlling of the snow tracks,

but it can also easily be extended to handle other procedural interactions with

the environment. The technique is scalable and memory friendly and provides

centimeter-accurate deformations. It decouples the deformation logic from the

geometry that is actually aﬀected and thus can handle dozens of NPCs and works

on any type of terrain.

The second chapter in this section deals with Catmull-Clark subdivision sur-

faces widely used in ﬁlm production and more recently also in video games because

of their intuitive authoring and surfaces with nice properties. They are deﬁned

by bicubic B-spline patches obtained from a recursively subdivided control mesh

of arbitrary topology. Wade Brainerd describes a real-time method for rendering

such subdivision surfaces, which has been used for the key assets in Call of Duty

on the Playstation 4 and runs at FullHD at 60 frames per second.

—Carsten Dachsbacher

4 I Geometry Manipulation

the core of this technology is a novel technique called deferred deformation,which

decouples the deformation logic from the geometry it aﬀects. This approach can

scale with dozens of NPCs, has a low memory footprint of 4 MB, and can be easily

altered to handle a vast variety of procedural interactions with the environment.

This chapter aims to provide the reader with suﬃcient theoretical and practical

knowledge to implement deferred deformation in a real-time 3D application.

Procedural terrain deformation has remained an open problem in real-time

rendering applications, with past solutions failing to provide a convincing level

of detail or doing so with a very rigid set of constraints. Deferred deformation

delivers a scalable, low-memory, centimeter-accurate solution that works on any

type of terrain and with any number of deformable meshes. It renders not only

the depression in the trail center but also elevation on the trail edges and allows

for gradual reﬁlling of snow tracks to emulate blizzard-like conditions.

Some terminology used in this publication with regards to snow trails and

deformation will be outlined in Section 1.2. Section 1.3 then takes a look at

past approaches, where they succeeded and why they were ultimately not suit-

able for Rise of the Tomb Raider. Section 1.4 outlines a simple, straightforward

algorithm for rendering snow deformation that will serve as a prelude to de-

ferred deformation in Section 1.5, which elaborates on the core ideas behind the

technique and the use of compute shaders to achieve it. Section 1.6 details the

deformation heightmap used in our algorithm and how it behaves like a sliding

window around the player. Section 1.7 explains how the snow tracks ﬁll over time

to emulate blizzard-like conditions. Section 1.8 covers the use of adaptive hard-

ware tessellation and the performance beneﬁts gained from it. Finally, Section 1.9

discusses alternate applications of this technique and its future potential.

1.2 Terminology

Here is a collection of terms used throughout the article (see Figure 1.2):

• Snow height: The vertical coordinate (in our case

vertex.z)ofthesnow

prior to any deformation.

• Deformation points: 3D points estimating Lara’s feet and other objects that

cause deformation.

• Foot height: The vertical height of a deformation point (

point.z).

• Trail depression: The part of the trail that is stomped down and is lower

than the original snow height.

• Trail elevation: The small bump along the edges of the trail caused from

pushing snow out of the way.

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