3D游戏开发的物理原理

5星 · 超过95%的资源需积分: 10 138 浏览量更新于2024-07-24 收藏 15.87MB PDF 举报

"Physics for Game Developers, Second Edition" 《Physics for Game Developers》第二版是由David M. Bourg和Bryan Bywalec合著的一本专为游戏开发者设计的物理学教程，旨在帮助读者理解和应用3D游戏开发中的物理和数学原理。这本书详细探讨了在创建逼真、动态的游戏体验时所需的物理知识。 3D物理学是游戏开发的核心部分，它涉及到物体的运动、碰撞检测、重力、摩擦力、弹力等现象的模拟。本书将深入讨论这些概念，以使开发者能够构建出更加真实的游戏世界。例如，书中可能涵盖了牛顿的三大定律，如何计算物体的运动状态，以及如何实现复杂的碰撞检测算法，确保游戏中的物体可以准确地相互作用。数学方面，游戏开发者通常需要掌握向量、矩阵、几何和线性代数的基础知识。这些数学工具用于描述和解决空间中的运动问题，以及进行图形渲染。书中可能会详细解释如何使用向量来表示速度、加速度和力，以及如何利用矩阵进行变换和动画制作。在游戏开发中，理解和应用这些物理和数学原理至关重要，因为它们能帮助开发者创建出更沉浸式、更动态的游戏环境。例如，精确的物理引擎可以使游戏中的角色、车辆或子弹行为更加真实，提高玩家的游戏体验。同时，有效的数学模型可以优化计算效率，减少不必要的计算，使游戏运行更加流畅。此外，书中的实例和练习可能涉及各种游戏类型，从平台跳跃类游戏到赛车模拟，再到第一人称射击游戏，让读者能够在实践中巩固所学知识。作者还可能提供了实际的游戏引擎集成示例，如Unity或Unreal Engine，帮助开发者将理论知识转化为实际项目。《Physics for Game Developers》第二版是一本全面而深入的指南，适合有志于提升游戏物理效果和增强游戏真实性的开发者阅读。通过学习本书，读者不仅可以掌握必要的物理学和数学理论，还能了解到如何将这些理论应用于实际游戏开发，从而创作出更具吸引力的游戏作品。

3. A rigid body is formally defined as a body, composed of a system of particles, whose particles remain at fixed

distances from each other with no relative translation or rotation among particles. Although the subject of

mechanics deals with flexible bodies and even fluids such as water, we’ll focus our attention on bodies that

are rigid.

4. At the time of this book’s first edition, John Nagle was the developer of Falling Bodies, a dynamics plug-in

for Softimage|3D.

Digital Physics

This book’s first edition focused exclusively on mechanics. More than a decade after its

release we’ve broadened our definition of game physics to include digital physics not in

the cosmological sense but in the context of the physics associated with such devices as

smart phones and their unique user interaction experience. As more platforms such as

the Wii, PlayStation, X Box and smart phones come out and are expanded developers

will have to keep up with and understand the new input and sensors technologies that

accompany these platforms in order to keep producing fresh gaming experiences. But

you shouldn’t look at this as a burden, and instead look at it as an opportunity to enhance

the user’s interactive experience with your games.

Arrangement of This Book

Physics-based realism is not new to gaming, and in fact many games on the shelves these

days advertise their physics engines. Also, many 3D modeling and animation tools have

physics engines built in to help realistically animate specific types of motion. Naturally,

there are magazine articles that appear every now and then that discuss various aspects

of physics-based game content. In parallel, but at a different level, research in the area

of real-time rigid body

simulation has been active for many years, and the technical

journals are full of papers that deal with various aspects of this subject. You’ll find papers

on subjects ranging from the simulation of multiple, connected rigid bodies to the sim‐

ulation of cloth. However, while these are fascinating subjects and valuable resources,

as we hinted earlier, many of them are of limited immediate use to the game developer

as they first require a solid understanding of the subject of mechanics requiring you to

learn the basics from other sources. Further, many of them focus primarily on the

mathematics involved in solving the equations of motion and don’t address the practical

treatment of the forces acting on the body or system being simulated.

We asked John Nagle, with Animats, what is, in his opinion, the most difficult part of

developing a physics-based simulation for games and his response was developing nu‐

merically stable, robust code.

Gary Powell echoed this when he told me that minimizing

the amount of parameter tuning to produce stable, realistic behavior was one of the

most difficult challenges. We agree; speed and robustness in dealing with the mathe‐

matics of bodies in motion are crucial elements of a simulator. And on top of that, so

are completeness and accuracy in representing the interacting forces that initiate and

xiv | Preface

perpetuate the simulation in the first place. As you’ll see later in this book, forces govern

the behavior of objects in your simulation and you need to model them accurately if

your objects are to behave realistically.

This prerequisite understanding of mechanics and the real world nature of forces that

may act on a particular body or system have governed the organization of this book.

Generally, this book is organized in four parts with each building on the material covered

in previous parts:

Part I, Fundamentals

A mechanics refresher, comprising Chapters 1 through 6.

Chapter 1, Basic Concepts

This warm up chapter covers the most basic of principles that are used and referred

to throughout this book. The specific topics addressed include mass and center of

mass, Newton’s Laws, inertia, units and measures, and vectors.

Chapter 2, Kinematics

This chapter covers such topics as linear and angular velocity, acceleration, mo‐

mentum, and the general motion of particles and rigid bodies in two and three

dimensions.

Chapter 3, Force

The principles of force and torque are covered in this chapter, which serves as a

bridge from the subject of kinematics to that of kinetics. General categories of forces

are discussed including drag forces, force fields, and pressure.

Chapter 4, Kinetics

This chapter combines elements of Chapters 2 and 3 to address the subject of ki‐

netics and explains the difference between kinematics and kinetics. Further dis‐

cussion treats the kinetics of particles and rigid bodies in two and three dimensions.

Chapter 5, Collisions

In this chapter we’ll cover particle and rigid body collision response, that is, what

happens after two objects run in to each other.

Chapter 6, Projectiles

This chapter will focus on the physics of simple projectiles laying the ground work

for further specific modeling treatment in later chapters.

Part II, Rigid-Body Dynamics

An introduction to real time simulations, comprising Chapters 7 through 14.

Chapter 7, Real-Time Simulations

This chapter will introduce real-time simulations and detail the core of such sim‐

ulations—the numerical integrator. Various methods will be presented and cover‐

age will include stability and tuning.

Preface | xv

Chapter 8, Particles

Before diving into rigid body simulations, this chapter will show how to implement

a particle simulation, which will be extended in the next chapter to include rigid

bodies.

Chapter 9, 2D Rigid-Body Simulator

This chapter will extend the particle simulator from the previous chapter showing

how to implement rigid bodies, which primarily consists of adding rotation and

dealing with the inertia tensor.

Chapter 10, Implementing Collision Response

Collision detection and response will be combined to implement real‐time collision

capabilities in the 2D simulator.

Chapter 11, Rotation in 3D Rigid-Body Simulators

This chapter will address how to handle rigid body rotation in 3D including how

to deal with the inertia tensor. Then we’ll show the reader how to extend the 2D

simulator to 3D.

Chapter 12, 3D Rigid-Body Simulator

Multiple unconnected bodies will be incorporated in the simulator in this chapter.

Introduction of multiple bodies requires resolution of multiple rigid body colli‐

sions, which can be very tricky. Issues of stability and realism will be covered.

Chapter 13, Connecting Objects

Taking things a step further, this chapter will show how to join rigid bodies forming

connected bodies, which may be used to simulate human bodies, complex vehicles

that may blow apart, among many other game objects. Various connector types will

be considered.

Chapter 14, Physics Engines

In this chapter, specific aspects of automobile performance are addressed, including

aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, skidding distance, and roadway banking.

Part III, Physical Modeling

A look at some real world problems, comprising Chapters 15 through 19.

Chapter 15, Aircraft

This chapter focuses on the elements of flight including propulsor forces, drag,

geometry, mass, and most importantly lift.

Chapter 16, Ships and Boats

The fundamental elements of floating vehicles are discussed in this chapter, in‐

cluding floatation, stability, volume, drag, and speed.

Chapter 17, Cars and Hovercraft

In this chapter, specific aspects of automobile performance are addressed, including

aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, skidding distance, and roadway banking. Ad‐

ditionally hovercraft shares some of the same characteristics of both cars and boats.

xvi | Preface

This chapter will consider those characteristics that distinguish the hovercraft as a

unique vehicle. Topics covered include hovering flight, aerostatic lift, and direc‐

tional control

Chapter 18, Guns and Explosions

This chapter will focus on the physics of guns including power, recoil, and projectile

flight. Since we generally want things to explode when hit with a large projectile,

this chapter will also address the physics of and modeling explosions.

Chapter 19, Sports

This chapter will focus on the physics of ball sports such as baseball, golf, and tennis.

Coverage will go beyond projectile physics and include such topics as including

pitching, bat swing, bat‐ball impact, golf club swing and club ball impact, plus tennis

racket swinging and racket/ball impacts.

Part IV, Digital Physics

Chapters in this part of the book will explain the physics behind accelerometers,

touch screens, GPS and other gizmos showing the reader how to leverage these

elements in their games, comprising Chapters 20 through 26.

Chapter 20, Touch Screens

Touch screens facilitate virtual tactile interfaces with mobile device games, such as

those made for the iPhone. This chapter will explain the physics of touch screen

and how the reader can leverage this interface in their games particularly with

respect to virtual physical interaction with game elements through gesturing.

Chapter 21, Accelerometers

Accelerometers are now widely used in mobile devices and game controllers al‐

lowing virtual physical interaction between players and game objects. This chapter

will explain how accelerometers work, what data they provide and how that data

can be manipulated with respect to virtual physical interaction with game elements.

Topics covered will include, but not be limited to integration of acceleration data

to derive velocities and displacements and rotations.

Chapter 22, Gaming from One Place to Another

Mobile devices commonly have GPS capabilities and this chapter will explain the

physics of the GPS system including relativistic effects. Further, GPS data will be

explained and this chapter showing the reader how to manipulate that data for

virtual interaction with game elements. For example, we’ll show the reader how to

differentiate GPS data to derive speed and acceleration among other manipulations.

Chapter 23, Pressure Sensors and Load Cells

Pressure sensing devices are used in games as a means of allowing players to interact

with game elements, for example, the Wii balance board uses pressure sensors al‐

lowing players to interact with the Wii Fit game. This chapter will explain the physics

behind such pressure sensors, what data they generate, and how to manipulate that

data for game interaction.

Preface | xvii

Chapter 24, 3D Display

The new PlayStation Move and Microsoft’s Kinect use optical tracking systems to

detect the position of players’ game controllers or gestures. This chapter will explain

the physics behind optical tracking and how to leverage this technology in games.

Chapter 25, Optical Tracking

As televisions and handheld game consoles race to implement 3D displays, several

different technologies are being developed. By understanding the physics of the

glasses dependent stereoscopic displays, the new “glasses free” autostereoscopic

displays, and looking forward to holography and volumetric displays, developers

will be better positioned to leverage these effects in their games.

Chapter 26, Sound

Sound is a particularly important part of a game’s immersive experience; however,

to date no book on game physics addresses the physics of sound. This chapter will

focus on sound physics including such topics of sound speed and the Doppler Effect.

Discussions will also include why sound physics is often ignored in games, for

example, when simulating explosions in outer space.

Appendix A, Vector Operations

This appendix shows you how to implement a C++ class that captures all of the

vector operations that you’ll need to when writing 2D or 3D simulations.

Appendix B, Matrix Operations

This appendix implements a class that captures all of the operations you need to

handle 3x3 matrices.

Appendix C, Quaternion Operations

This appendix implements a class that captures all of the operations you need to

handle quaternions when writing 3D rigid body simulations.

Part I, Fundamentals focuses on fundamental topics in Newtonian mechanics such as

kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics deals with the motion of objects. We’ll cover both

linear and angular velocity and acceleration. Kinetics deals with forces and resulting

motion. Part I serves as a primer for Part II, Rigid-Body Dynamics that covers rigid

body dynamics. Readers already versed in classical mechanics can skip Part I, Funda‐

mentals without loss of continuity.

Part II, Rigid-Body Dynamics focuses on rigid body dynamics and development of both

single and multi-body simulations. This part covers numerical integration, real-time

simulation of particles and rigid bodies, and connected rigid bodies. Generally, this part

covers what most game programmers consider elements of a physics engine.

Part III, Physical Modeling focuses on physical modeling. The aim of this part is to

provide valuable physical insight for the reader so they can make better judgments on

what to include in their models and what they can safely leave out without sacrificing

physical realism. We cannot and do not attempt to cover all the possible things you

xviii | Preface

剩余576页未读，继续阅读

jo_1983

粉丝: 0
资源: 9

3D游戏开发的物理原理

原文高清图书: physics for game developers (游戏开发物理学)

Physics for Game Developers, Second Edition

游戏开发物理学 源码 (Physics for game developers source code)

游戏开发物理：Physics for Game Developers第二版

Augmented Reality for Developers

英文原版-Game Physics Engine Development 1st Edition

Mastering iOS Game Development

Game programming in c++

Mastering C++ Game Development.pdf

Game Programming Gems 7 中文 part1

最新资源

游戏开发物理学源码 (Physics for game developers source code)