全球第11版数字基础经典教程

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《数字基础第11版》（Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition）是一本备受推崇的国外数字电子学经典教材，由Thomas L. Floyd撰写。该版本专为全球读者设计，涵盖了广泛的地域，包括但不限于美国的波士顿、哥伦布、印第安纳波利斯等地，以及全球其他重要城市如伦敦、巴黎、东京等。这本教材在全球范围内发行，体现出其国际化和专业度。作者Thomas L. Floyd以其深厚的专业知识和经验，对数字电路和系统的基础理论进行了详尽的讲解。第11版在内容上可能包含了最新的技术发展和理论更新，旨在帮助读者掌握数字电子学的核心概念，包括逻辑门电路、组合逻辑设计、时序逻辑设计、数字信号处理、计算机体系结构等内容。该教材适合电子工程、计算机科学以及相关领域的学生和专业人士使用，无论是作为课堂教学的主要参考资料，还是自我学习的工具，都能提供深入且全面的学习资源。教材的制作团队严谨而专业，包括产品经理Lindsey Prudhomme Gill、项目经理Maren Beckman、项目管理团队Rex Davidson等人，他们在教材的策划、编辑和生产过程中发挥着关键作用。此外，还有负责学习资产获取的Laura Dent、学术编辑Karthik Subramanian、项目编辑K.K. Neelakantan等，他们的协作确保了教材的质量和完整性。书中可能还配有清晰的示例、练习题和实验指导，以帮助读者通过实践加深理解。同时，营销团队的人员如David Gesell、Stacey Martinez等，他们负责市场推广和客户支持，确保教材能够有效地触达目标受众。《数字基础第11版》作为一本权威的数字电子学教科书，不仅具有学术价值，也体现了全球化背景下教育资源的共享和传播。对于想要深入了解数字电路和系统的人来说，这是一本不容错过的参考资料。无论你是初学者还是研究者，都可以从中收获丰富的知识和技能，提升在数字电子领域的理论素养和实践能力。

CHAPTER OUTLINE

1–1 Digital and Analog Quantities

1–2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital

Waveforms

1–3 Basic Logic Functions

1–4 Combinational and Sequential Logic Functions

1–5 Introduction to Programmable Logic

1–6 Fixed-Function Logic Devices

1–7 Test and Measurement Instruments

1–8 Introduction to Troubleshooting

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

■

Explain the basic differences between digital and

analog quantities

■

Show how voltage levels are used to represent

digital quantities

■

Describe various parameters of a pulse waveform

such as rise time, fall time, pulse width, frequency,

period, and duty cycle

■

Explain the basic logic functions of NOT, AND,

and OR

■

Describe several types of logic operations and

explain their application in an example system

■

Describe programmable logic, discuss the

various types, and describe how PLDs are

programmed

■

Identify fixed-function digital integrated circuits

according to their complexity and the type of circuit

packaging

■

Identify pin numbers on integrated circuit packages

■

Recognize various instruments and understand

how they are used in measurement and

troubleshooting digital circuits and systems

■

Describe basic troubleshooting methods

VISIT THE WEBSITE

Study aids for this chapter are available at

http://www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/floyd

INTRODUCTION

The term digital is derived from the way operations

are performed, by counting digits. For many years,

applications of digital electronics were confined

to computer systems. Today, digital technology is

applied in a wide range of areas in addition to com-

puters. Such applications as television, communi-

cations systems, radar, navigation and guidance

systems, military systems, medical instrumentation,

industrial process control, and consumer electron-

ics use digital techniques. Over the years digital

technology has progressed from vacuum-tube circuits

■

Analog

■

Digital

■

Binary

■

Bit

■

Pulse

■

Duty cycle

■

Clock

■

Timing diagram

■

Data

■

Serial

■

Parallel

■

Logic

■

Input

■

Output

■

Gate

■

NOT

■

Inverter

■

AND

■

Programmable logic

■

SPLD

■

CPLD

■

FPGA

■

Microcontroller

■

Embedded system

■

Compiler

■

Integrated circuit (IC)

■

Fixed-function logic

■

Troubleshooting

KEY TERMS

Key terms are in order of appearance in the chapter.

Introductory Concepts

CHAPTER

16 Introductory Concepts

1–1 Digital and Analog Quantities

Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad categories, digital and analog. Digital

electronics involves quantities with discrete values, and analog electronics involves quan-

tities with continuous values. Although you will be studying digital fundamentals in this

book, you should also know something about analog because many applications require

both; and interfacing between analog and digital is important.

After completing this section, you should be able to

Define analog

Define digital

Explain the difference between digital and analog quantities

State the advantages of digital over analog

Give examples of how digital and analog quantities are used in electronics

An analog* quantity is one having continuous values. A digital quantity is one having

a discrete set of values. Most things that can be measured quantitatively occur in nature in

analog form. For example, the air temperature changes over a continuous range of values.

During a given day, the temperature does not go from, say,

70

71

instantaneously; it

takes on all the infinite values in between. If you graphed the temperature on a typical sum-

mer day, you would have a smooth, continuous curve similar to the curve in Figure 1–1.

Other examples of analog quantities are time, pressure, distance, and sound.

to discrete transistors to complex integrated circuits,

many of which contain millions of transistors, and

many of which are programmable.

This chapter introduces you to digital electronics

and provides a broad overview of many important

concepts, components, and tools.

*All bold terms are important and are deﬁned in the end-of-book glossary. The blue bold terms are key terms

and are included in a Key Term glossary at the end of each chapter.

100

A.M.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P.M.

Temperature

(°F)

Time of day

FIGURE 1–1 Graph of an analog quantity (temperature versus time).

Rather than graphing the temperature on a continuous basis, suppose you just take a

temperature reading every hour. Now you have sampled values representing the temperature

at discrete points in time (every hour) over a 24-hour period, as indicated in Figure 1–2.

Digital and Analog Quantities 17

You have effectively converted an analog quantity to a form that can now be digitized by

representing each sampled value by a digital code. It is important to realize that Figure 1–2

itself is not the digital representation of the analog quantity.

The Digital Advantage

Digital representation has certain advantages over analog representation in electronics applica-

tions. For one thing, digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reli-

ably than analog data. Also, digital data has a great advantage when storage is necessary. For

example, music when converted to digital form can be stored more compactly and reproduced

with greater accuracy and clarity than is possible when it is in analog form. Noise (unwanted

voltage fluctuations) does not affect digital data nearly as much as it does analog signals.

An Analog System

A public address system, used to amplify sound so that it can be heard by a large audience, is

one simple example of an application of analog electronics. The basic diagram in Figure 1–3

illustrates that sound waves, which are analog in nature, are picked up by a microphone and

converted to a small analog voltage called the audio signal. This voltage varies continuously as

the volume and frequency of the sound changes and is applied to the input of a linear amplifier.

The output of the amplifier, which is an increased reproduction of input voltage, goes to the

speaker(s). The speaker changes the amplified audio signal back to sound waves that have a

much greater volume than the original sound waves picked up by the microphone.

100

A.M.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P.M.

Time of day

Temperature

(°F)

FIGURE 1–2 Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog quantity in

Figure 1–1. Each value represented by a dot can be digitized by representing it as a digital

code that consists of a series of 1s and 0s.

Audio signal

Amplified audio signal

Speaker

Microphone

Original sound waves

Reproduced

sound waves

Linear amplifier

FIGURE 1–3 A basic audio public address system.

18 Introductory Concepts

Mechatronics

Both digital and analog electronics are used in the control of various mechanical systems.

The interdisciplinary field that comprises both mechanical and electronic components is

known as mechatronics.

Mechatronic systems are found in homes, industry, and transportation. Most home appliances

consist of both mechanical and electronic components. Electronics controls the operation of a

washing machine in terms of water flow, temperature, and type of cycle. Manufacturing indus-

tries rely heavily on mechatronics for process control and assembly. In automotive and other

types of manufacturing, robotic arms perform precision welding, painting, and other functions

on the assembly line. Automobiles themselves are mechatronic machines; a digital computer

controls functions such as braking, engine parameters, fuel flow, safety features, and monitoring.

Figure 1–5(a) is a basic block diagram of a mechatronic system. A simple robotic arm is

shown in Figure 1–5(b), and robotic arms on an automotive assembly line are shown in part (c).

Digital data

CD drive

10110011101

Analog

reproduction

of music audio

signal

Speaker

Sound

waves

Digital-to-analog

converter

Linear amplifier

FIGURE 1–4 Basic block diagram of a CD player. Only one channel is shown.

Electromechanical

interface

Robotic unit

Electronic controls

(a) Mechatronic system block diagram

FIGURE 1–5 Example of a mechatronic system and application. Part (b) Beawolf/Fotolia;

Part (c) Small Town Studio/Fotolia.

(b) Robotic arm

A System Using Digital and Analog Methods

The compact disk (CD) player is an example of a system in which both digital and analog

circuits are used. The simplified block diagram in Figure 1–4 illustrates the basic principle.

Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk. A laser diode optical system picks up

the digital data from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital-to-analog converter

(DAC). The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is an electrical repro-

duction of the original music. This signal is amplified and sent to the speaker for you to

enjoy. When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process, essentially the reverse

of the one described here, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was used.

Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms 1 9

SECTION 1–1 CHECKUP

Answers are at the end of the chapter.

1. Define analog.

2. Define digital.

3. Explain the difference between a digital quantity and an analog quantity.

4. Give an example of a system that is analog and one that is a combination of both

digital and analog. Name a system that is entirely digital.

5. What does a mechatronic system consist of?

1–2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

Digital electronics involves circuits and systems in which there are only two possible

states. These states are represented by two different voltage levels: A HIGH and a LOW.

The two states can also be represented by current levels, bits and bumps on a CD or DVD,

etc. In digital systems such as computers, combinations of the two states, called codes, are

used to represent numbers, symbols, alphabetic characters, and other types of information.

The two-state number system is called binary, and its two digits are 0 and 1. A binary digit

is called a bit.

After completing this section, you should be able to

Define binary

Define bit

Name the bits in a binary system

Explain how voltage levels are used to represent bits

Explain how voltage levels are interpreted by a digital circuit

Describe the general characteristics of a pulse

Determine the amplitude, rise time, fall time, and width of a pulse

Identify and describe the characteristics of a digital waveform

Determine the amplitude, period, frequency, and duty cycle of a digital waveform

Explain what a timing diagram is and state its purpose

Explain serial and parallel data transfer and state the advantage and disadvantage

of each

Binary Digits

Each of the two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0, is called a bit, which is a contraction

of the words binary digit. In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to repre-

sent the two bits. Generally, 1 is represented by the higher voltage, which we will refer to

as a HIGH, and a 0 is represented by the lower voltage level, which we will refer to as a

LOW. This is called positive logic and will be used throughout the book.

HIGH  1

and

LOW  0

The movement of the arm in any quadrant and to any specified position is accomplished with

some type of digital control such as a microcontroller.

InfoNote

The concept of a digital computer

can be traced back to Charles

Babbage, who developed a crude

mechanical computation device in

the 1830s. John Atanasoff was the

first to apply electronic processing

to digital computing in 1939. In

1946, an electronic digital compu-

ter called ENIAC was implemented

with vacuum-tube circuits. Even

though it took up an entire room,

ENIAC didn’t have the computing

power of your handheld calculator.

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