Drupal 2013高性能实战：专家揭秘性能优化与扩展秘籍

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《高性能Drupal (2013.10)》一书由Jeff Sheltren撰写，全面探讨了自2001年开源以来Drupal的发展历程。最初作为一款相对有限的内容管理系统，Drupal如今已发展成为支撑数百万网站的强大框架，被广泛应用于个人博客、小型企业、互联网初创公司、教育机构、政府机构以及跨国公司。Drupal生态系统的繁荣催生了众多专注于提供开发、托管和性能优化服务的专业公司，每天都有新的Drupal站点上线，无论规模大小。该书的重要性在于它基于Tag1 Consulting在互联网上最大规模Drupal项目的实际经验，为Drupal开发者和系统管理员提供了宝贵的参考。书中详尽剖析了影响Drupal性能的关键因素，并深入讲解了在各个层级优化工具的使用。作者Jeff Sheltren、Narayan等人的专业知识和实践能力令人赞叹，他们能够有效地解决性能瓶颈问题。书中不仅涵盖了从底层硬件到浏览器端的深入分析，还展示了Tag1 Consulting团队在处理企业级Drupal项目时的集体智慧和技能。对于任何对Drupal有深入追求的人来说，《高性能Drupal》无疑是必备的参考资料库，它为Drupal性能优化提供了实用的指导和洞察，对于提升网站性能、确保网站稳定性和可扩展性具有极高的价值。此外，书中的推荐和评价也进一步强调了其在业内的重要地位。如副总裁Michael Meyers认为它是Drupal领域的必读之作，而Enterprise Architecture经理Sam Boyer赞扬了其全面的内容和在各层面上的工作工具。Kevin Millecam，WebWise Solutions的合作伙伴，更是高度评价了Jeff和Narayan在高性能Drupal方面的深厚知识和实践经验，认为这本书是Drupal专业人员的必备藏书。《高性能Drupal (2013.10)》是一本权威且实用的指南，对于深入理解Drupal性能优化、提升网站性能、以及管理大型 Drupal 项目具有不可替代的价值，是Drupal从业者和爱好者不可或缺的学习资源。

websites. We provide a strong base of knowledge that can be used to plan for and over‐

come more difficult or unique performance issues.

Goals of This Book

The primary goal of this book is to help you solve Drupal performance and scalability

issues. Drupal makes creating websites incredibly easy; however, if you aren’t careful, it

can quickly turn into a performance nightmare. This book is full of information on best

practices for running a high performance Drupal site. This is not just limited to “enable

these performance settings in the Drupal configuration”; rather, we take a holistic ap‐

proach to website performance, covering Drupal internals, coding, and infrastructure

techniques that all come together to build a high-performing and scalable website.

This is a technical book providing in-depth explanations and examples of common

methods used to improve Drupal site performance. It is expected that readers of this

book have a basic understanding of Drupal and the LAMP stack and are familiar with

common hardware and infrastructure concepts. We’ve designed this book to be useful

to both developers and system administrators. A site cannot perform at a high level

unless attention is given to both code and infrastructure.

Supported Drupal Versions

The main focus of the book will be on Drupal versions 7 and 8, with Drupal 8 planned

for release shortly after this book goes to press. There are still many websites running

Drupal 6, and while our infrastructure advice and examples are still very relevant for

older versions of Drupal, be aware that the code examples and discussion of Drupal

internals have generally changed for the newer versions of Drupal.

How This Book Is Organized

We cover a wide range of topics within this book and have grouped them into the

following topical sections.

Performance Analysis

Chapter 1, Beginning a Performance Project, discusses the various aspects of a website

that all contribute to the big picture of website performance. Here, we also introduce a

process for analyzing websites and approaching performance improvement projects.

Application Performance

This section covers a wide variety of Drupal application performance issues, starting

with Chapter 2, Frontend Performance, where we describe best practices for frontend

xii | Preface

optimization, looking at network utilization, code optimization, and issues specific to

mobile performance.

Chapter 3, Drupal Performance Out of the Box, discusses Drupal configuration settings

that can improve performance. This includes an overview of the Drupal caching system,

CSS and JavaScript aggregation, and other configuration options related to Drupal core.

We go into more depth on code-level optimizations in Chapter 4, Drupal Coding for

Optimal Performance. This chapter covers important issues that should be addressed

when writing or extending custom code in Drupal, giving best practices for items such

as entities, the cache API, and the use of queues and workers. On the flip side, Chapter 5,

Drupal Coding for Abysmal Performance, talks about common pitfalls that should be

avoided, and explains why certain code can greatly reduce website performance.

Chapter 6, Verifying Changes, outlines the importance of tracking performance metrics

for a site and using that information to understand how changes to the site affect per‐

formance for better or worse.

Infrastructure

We begin the section on infrastructure issues with Chapter 7, Infrastructure Design and

Planning, which describes best practices for designing and infrastructure to host a Dru‐

pal website and related services. Early planning of infrastructure design will help a

website to easily scale as it grows.

Chapter 8, Service Monitoring, covers how to monitor services and infrastructure in

order to be alerted of potential issues before they affect a website and how to track

performance and usage baselines in order to better understand how services react under

load.

Chapter 9, “DevOps”: Breaking Down Barriers Between Development and Operations,

introduces many common infrastructure ideas and best practices to break down barriers

between development and operations. This chapter discusses revision control systems,

system configuration management, deployment workflow, and development virtual

machines.

Chapter 10, File Storage for Multiple Web Servers, analyzes the difficulties faced with

sharing a single Drupal files/ directory between multiple web servers and gives examples

of common file sharing options including NFS, rsync, and GlusterFS.

Chapter 11, Drupal and Cloud Deployments, introduces the idea of virtualized hosting

and cloud-based infrastructures. Here we discuss the performance and scalability ben‐

efits of using a virtualized infrastructure, as well as some of the trade-offs between using

virtual servers as opposed to physical servers.

Chapter 12, Failover Configuration, explains how to provide highly available services,

using technologies such as Heartbeat to handle failover when a service goes offline.

Preface | xiii

Databases

Chapters 13, 14, and 15 all cover MySQL database information related to Drupal.

Chapter 13, MySQL, provides an in-depth look at MySQL performance considerations

and general configuration settings. It also contains an introduction to MySQL storage

engines, with specific focus on InnoDB for performance and scalability. Chapter 14,

Tools for Managing and Monitoring MySQL, introduces a number of tools commonly

used for tuning, managing, and monitoring MySQL servers. Chapter 15, MySQL Query

Optimization, wraps up the MySQL discussion by focusing on methods for locating and

optimizing slow queries.

Chapter 16, Alternative Storage and Cache Backends, describes how alternative database

and data storage engines can be used with Drupal to improve performance. This chapter

includes examples on how to implement Memcache, Redis, and MongoDB backends

with Drupal.

Chapter 17, Solr Search, discusses using Solr as an alternative search option for Drupal.

We look at some of the benefits and added functionality that can be achieved by shifting

the search backend out of MySQL.

Web Servers and Reverse Proxies

For an optimally performing site, it’s important to have a properly tuned web server.

Chapter 18, PHP and httpd Configuration, discusses how to best configure the web

server and PHP for a Drupal website. httpd.conf is nothing to be scared of—we cover

thread settings, keepalive, logging, and other useful configuration options for Apache

httpd. This chapter also discusses PHP configurations and the importance of using an

opcode cache.

Chapter 19, Reverse Proxies and Content Delivery Networks, introduces the concept of

using a reverse proxy to cache website content. We give detailed examples of how to use

Varnish with Drupal, including specific Varnish Configuration Language (VCL) con‐

figurations that can dramatically increase website performance. This chapter also covers

content delivery networks (CDNs) and explains options for integrating Drupal with a

CDN.

Ongoing Testing

One important lesson in this book is that website performance is not a one-time task;

it’s something that needs to be done continually in order to have a website perform at

its best and be able to scale to meet increasing traffic needs. Chapter 20, Load Testing,

discusses load testing tools and the importance of ongoing testing in order to catch

performance issues before they become major problems.

xiv | Preface

example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of ex‐

ample code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “High Performance Drupal by Jeff Sheltren,

978-1-449-39261-1.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

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Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

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We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional

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xvi | Preface

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