MacOSXServer系统映像与软件更新指南

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"Mac OS X Server - System Imaging & Software Update Administration" 本文档是关于Mac OS X Server 10.6 Snow Leopard的系统映像和软件更新管理指南，由Apple Inc.发布，旨在帮助用户学习如何有效地管理和维护Mac OS X Server环境。这份资料详细介绍了如何进行系统映像以及软件更新的相关操作。一、系统映像（System Imaging）系统映像是一个重要的IT管理工具，特别是在部署大量相似的工作站或服务器时。通过创建一个完整的系统镜像，管理员可以快速恢复或部署一致的操作系统环境。在Mac OS X Server中，系统映像可以包括操作系统、应用程序、设置和数据，确保新设备或故障恢复后的系统配置与原始模板一致。使用Apple的软件如Deploy Studio或内置的NetBoot/NetInstall服务，可以简化这个过程。二、软件更新（Software Update）保持系统软件的最新状态是保证安全性和性能的关键。Mac OS X Server提供了软件更新服务，允许管理员集中管理服务器及连接的客户端的更新。管理员可以配置服务器作为软件更新服务器，使得网络中的其他Mac设备能够从本地源获取更新，减少对互联网的依赖。此外，还能利用Apple Remote Desktop等工具自动化更新过程，确保所有设备都安装了最新的安全补丁和功能增强。三、关键概念 1. NetBoot：这是一个服务，使Mac电脑可以在启动时从网络上加载操作系统，便于快速部署和恢复。 2. NetInstall：与NetBoot相关，它允许服务器提供一个安装映像，供客户端下载并执行OS安装。 3. Deploy Studio：第三方工具，扩展了Apple的NetBoot/NetInstall功能，提供更高级的映像管理和部署选项。 4. Profile Manager：Mac OS X Server的一部分，用于配置和管理设备的设置、应用和政策，适用于移动设备管理（MDM）场景。 5. Xgrid：Apple的分布式计算框架，允许集群中的Mac电脑协同处理任务，提高计算效率。四、法律与许可 Apple强调，该文档仅限于合法的Mac OS X Server软件持有者用于学习目的。任何商业用途的复制或传播，如售卖此文档或提供有偿支持服务，都可能构成商标侵权和不正当竞争，违反联邦和州的法律法规。五、苹果商标文档中提到了多个Apple的注册商标，包括Apple, Apple Logo, AppleShare, AppleTalk, Mac, Macintosh, QuickTime, Xgrid, 和 Xserve，这些都是Apple独有的标识，未经许可不得用于商业目的。这份文档是针对Mac OS X Server 10.6 Snow Leopard的系统管理和更新的实用指南，涵盖了从创建和部署系统映像到设置和管理软件更新的全过程，对于IT管理员来说是一份宝贵的参考资料。

Use this chapter to learn the basics of how to start client

computers using an operating system stored on a server

and how to install software on client computers over the

network.

The NetBoot, NetInstall, and NetRestore features of Mac OS X Server oer you

alternatives for managing the operating system and application software that your

Macintosh clients (or even other servers) require to start and do their work.

Instead of going from computer to computer to install operating system and

application software from CDs, you can prepare an installation image that installs on

each computer when it starts up.

You can also choose to not install software and have client computers start (or boot)

from an image stored on the server. (In some cases, clients don’t even need their own

hard disk.)

Using NetBoot and NetInstall, your client computers can start from a standardized

Mac OS conguration suited to specic tasks. Because the client computers start from

the same image, you can quickly update the operating system for users by updating a

single boot image.

A boot image is a le that looks and acts like a mountable disk or volume. NetBoot

images contain the system software needed to act as a startup disk for client

computers over the network.

An installation image is an image that starts up the client computer long enough to

install software from the image. The client can then start up from its own hard disk.

Boot images (used with NetBoot) and installation images (used with NetInstall) are

dierent kinds of disk images. The main dierence is that a .dmg le is a proper disk

image and a .nbi folder is a bootable network volume (which contains a .dmg disk

image le). Disk images are les that behave like disk volumes.

Understanding System Imaging

Chapter 1 Understanding System Imaging 17

You can set up multiple NetBoot or NetInstall images to suit the needs of dierent

groups of clients or you can provide copies of the same image on multiple NetBoot

servers to distribute the client startup load. You can also use a NetRestore image to

quickly restore a volume.

NetBoot service can be used with NetBoot and NetInstall images along with Mac OS X

client management services to provide a personalized work environment for each user.

For information about client management services, see User Management.

You can use the following Mac OS X Server applications to set up and manage

NetBoot, NetInstall, and NetRestore:

Â System Image Utility to create Mac OS X NetBoot, NetInstall, and NetRestore disk

images. This utility is installed with Mac OS X Server software in the /Applications/

Server/ folder.

Â Server Admin to enable and congure NetBoot service and supporting services. This

utility is installed with Mac OS X Server software in the /Applications/Server/ folder.

Â PackageMaker to create package les that you use to add software to disk images.

This utility is provided on the Mac OS X Server Administration Tools CD.

Â Property List Editor to edit property lists such as NBImageInfo.plist. This utility is

included on the Mac OS X Server Administration Tools CD.

Note: To create an image, you must have valid Mac OS X v10.6 image sources

(either volumes or install DVDs). You cannot create an image of the startup disk

you are running on.

Inside NetBoot Service

This section describes how NetBoot service is implemented on Mac OS X Server,

including information about the protocols, les, folder structures, and conguration

details.

Disk Images

The disk images contain the system software and applications used over the network

by client computers. These tools can be installed on a client computer with the

Mac OS X Server Administration Tools CD. The name of a disk image le typically ends in

.img or .dmg. Disk Utility—part of Mac OS X—can mount disk image les as volumes

on the desktop.

You use System Image Utility to create Mac OS X NetBoot or NetInstall images, using

a Mac OS X installation disc or an existing system volume as the source. See “Creating

Images” on page 26.

NetBoot Share Points

NetBoot service sets up share points to make images and shadow les available to

clients. Shadow les are used for NetBoot clients that don’t use their local hard disks to

write out data when booted.

NetBoot service creates share points for storing NetBoot and NetInstall images in

/Library/NetBoot/ on each volume you enable and names them NetBootSPn, where

n is 0 for the rst share point and increases by 1 for each extra share point.

For example, if you decide to store images on three server disks, NetBoot service sets

up three share points named NetBootSP0, NetBootSP1, and NetBootSP2.

The share points for client shadow les are also created in /Library/NetBoot/ and are

named NetBootClientsn, where n is the share point number.

You can create and enable NetBootSPn and NetBootClientsn share points on other

server volumes using the NetBoot Service General settings in Server Admin.

WARNING: Don’t rename a NetBoot share point or the volume it resides on. Don’t

stop sharing a NetBoot share point unless you rst deselect the share point for

images and shadow les in Server Admin.

Using NetBoot and NetInstall Images on Other Servers

You can also specify the path of a NetBoot image residing on a dierent NFS server.

When creating image les, you can specify which server the image will reside on.

See “Using Images Stored on Remote Servers” on page 56.

Client Information File

NetBoot service gathers information about a client the rst time a client selects a

NetBoot or NetInstall volume to start from the Startup Disk. NetBoot service stores this

information in the /var/db/bsdpd_clients le.

Shadow Files

Many clients can read from the same NetBoot image, but when a client must write

back to its startup volume (such as print jobs and other temporary les), NetBoot

service redirects the written data to the client’s shadow les, which are separate from

regular system and application software.

Shadow les preserve the unique identity of each client while it is running from a

NetBoot image. NetBoot service transparently maintains changed user data in shadow

les while reading unchanged data from the shared system image. Shadow les are

recreated at startup, so changes made to a user’s startup volume are lost at restart.

18 Chapter 1 Understanding System Imaging

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