C++ AMP技术详解：微软Visual C++加速大规模并行计算

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"C++ AMP: Accelerated Massive Parallelism with Microsoft® Visual C++" 《C++ AMP：使用Microsoft® Visual C++®的加速大规模并行处理》是由Kate Gregory和Ade Miller合著的一本书，授权于微软公司，由O'Reilly Media出版。这本书详细介绍了如何利用C++ AMP（Accelerated Massive Parallelism）这一技术在Microsoft Visual C++环境下实现高性能计算。 C++ AMP是微软推出的一个库，旨在让C++开发者能够充分利用现代多核处理器和图形处理单元（GPU）的并行计算能力，以提高应用程序的计算速度。通过C++ AMP，程序员可以编写出高效且可移植的代码，同时避免了低级编程API的复杂性，如CUDA或OpenCL。本书的主要内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **并行计算基础**：首先，书中会介绍并行计算的基本概念，包括并行度、同步、数据并行性和任务并行性等，以及它们在C++ AMP中的实现方式。 2. **C++ AMP API**：深入讲解C++ AMP的核心API，如`concurrency::array`、`concurrency::parallel_for_each`和`concurrency::array_view`等，这些工具允许开发者声明性地指定并行操作。 3. **数据并行算法**：书中会展示如何使用C++ AMP实现常见的数据并行算法，例如图像处理、矩阵运算和物理模拟等。 4. **内存管理和同步**：讨论C++ AMP中的内存模型，包括如何在CPU和GPU之间移动数据，以及如何正确处理同步问题，确保并行操作的正确性。 5. **性能优化**：探讨如何最大限度地利用GPU的计算能力，包括优化数据布局、减少数据传输和提升计算效率的策略。 6. **实战示例**：提供丰富的实例，展示如何将C++ AMP应用于实际项目，帮助读者理解和掌握C++ AMP的实践应用。 7. **与其他并行框架的比较**：可能会对比C++ AMP与其他并行计算框架（如CUDA、OpenMP和OpenCL）的优缺点，帮助开发者选择适合的工具。 8. **最佳实践和陷阱**：分享在使用C++ AMP时的最佳实践，以及可能会遇到的问题和陷阱，帮助开发者避免常见错误。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅可以学习到C++ AMP的技术细节，还能了解并行计算的理论和实践，从而提升其在高性能计算领域的编程能力。无论是对C++有深厚基础的开发者，还是希望进入并行计算领域的初学者，都能从这本书中获益。

xiv Contents

Appendix Other Resources 309

More from the Authors ..........................................309

Microsoft Online Resources ......................................309

Download C++ AMP Guides ......................................309

Code and Support ...............................................310

Training ........................................................311

Index 313

About the Authors 327

What do you think of this book? We want to hear from you!

Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback so we can continually improve our

books and learning resources for you. To participate in a brief online survey, please visit:

microsoft.com/learning/booksurvey

Foreword

or most of computing history, we beneted from exponential increases in perfor-

mance of scalar processors. That has come to an end. We are now at the dawn of

the heterogeneous parallel computing era. With all applications being power-sensitive

and all computing systems being power-limited, from mobile to cloud, future comput-

ing platforms must embrace heterogeneity. For example, a fast-growing portion of the

top supercomputers in the world have become heterogeneous CPU + GPU computing

clusters. While the rst-generation programming interfaces such as CUDA and OpenCL

have enabled development of new libraries and applications for these systems, there

has been a clear need for much higher productivity in heterogeneous parallel software

development.

The major challenge is that any programming interface that raises productivity in

this domain must also give programmers enough control to reach their performance

goals. C++ AMP from Microsoft is a major step forward in addressing this challenge.

The C++ AMP interface is a simple, elegant extension to the C++ language to address

two major weaknesses of previous interfaces. First, the previous approaches did not

t well with the C++ software engineering practice. The kernel-based parallel pro-

gramming models tend to disturb the class organization of applications. Second, their

C-based indexing for dynamically allocated arrays complicates the code for managing

locality.

I am excited to see that C++ AMP supports the use of C++ loop constructs and

objected-oriented features in parallel code to address the rst issue and an array_view

construct to address the second issue. The array_view approach is forward-looking and

prepares applications to take full advantage of the upcoming unied address space

architectures. Many experienced CUDA and OpenCL programmers have found the

C++ AMP programming style refreshing, elegant, and effective.

Equally importantly, in my opinion, the C++ AMP interface opens the door for a

wide range of innovative compiler transformations, such as data layout adjustment and

thread granularity adjustment, to become mainstream. It also enables run-time imple-

mentation optimizations on data movement. Such advancements will be needed for a

dramatic improvement in programmer productivity.

While C++ AMP is currently only implemented on Windows, the interface is open

and will likely be implemented on other platforms. There is great potential for the

C++ AMP interface to make an even bigger impact if and when the other platform

vendors begin to offer their implementation of the interface.

Introduction xvii

Introduction

++ Accelerated Massive Parallelism (C++ AMP) is Microsoft’s technology for

accelerating C++ applications by allowing code to run on data-parallel hardware

like graphics-processing units (GPUs.) It’s intended not only to address today’s parallel

hardware in the form of GPUs and APUs, but also to future-proof your code invest-

ments by supporting new parallel hardware in the future. C++ AMP is also an open

specication. Microsoft’s implementation is built on top of DirectX, enabling portability

across different hardware platforms. Other implementations can build on other tech-

nologies because the specication makes no requirement for DirectX.

The C++ AMP programming model comprises a modern C++ STL-like template

library and two extensions to the C++ language that are integrated into the Visual

C++ 2012 compiler. It’s also fully supported by the Visual Studio toolset with Intelli-

Sense editing, debugging, and proling. C++ AMP brings the performance of heteroge-

neous hardware into the mainstream and lowers the barrier to entry for programming

such systems without affecting your productivity.

This book shows you how to take advantage of C++ AMP in your applications. In

addition to describing the features of C++ AMP, the book also contains several case

studies that show realistic implementations of applications with various approaches to

implementing some common algorithms. You can download the full source for these

case studies and the sample code from each chapter and explore them for yourself.

Who Should Read This Book

This book’s goal is to help C++ developers understand C++ AMP, from the core

concepts to its more advanced features. If you are looking to take advantage of hetero-

geneous hardware to improve the performance of existing features within your applica-

tion or add entirely new ones that were previously not possible due to performance

limitations, then this book is for you.

After reading this book you should understand the best way to incorporate

C++ AMP into your application where appropriate. You should also be able to use the

debugging and proling tools in Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 to troubleshoot issues

and optimize performance.

xviii Introduction

Assumptions

This book expects that you have at least a working understanding of Windows C++ de-

velopment, object-oriented programming concepts, and the C++ Standard Library

(often called the STL after its predecessor, the Standard Template Library.) Familiarity

with general parallel processing concepts is also helpful but not essential. Some of the

samples use DirectX, but you don’t need to have any DirectX background to use the

samples or to understand the C++ AMP code in them.

For a general introduction to the C++ language, consider reading Bjarne Stroustrup’s

The C++ Programming Language (Addison-Wesley, 2000). This book makes use of

many new language and library features in C++11, which is so new that at the time of

press there are few resources covering the new features. Scott Meyers’s Presentation

Materials: Overview of the New C++ (C++11) provides a good overview. You can pur-

chase it online from Artima Developer, http://www.artima.com/shop/overview_of_the_

new_cpp. Nicolai M. Josuttis’s The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference (2nd

Edition) (Addison-Wesley Professional, 2012) is a good introduction to the Standard

Library.

The samples in this book also make extensive use of the Parallel Patterns Library

and the Asynchronous Agents Library. Parallel Programming with Microsoft Visual

C++ ( Microsoft Press, 2011), by Colin Campbell and Ade Miller, is a good introduction

to both libraries. This book is also available free from MSDN, http://msdn.microsoft.com/

en-us/library/gg675934.aspx.

Who Should Not Read This Book

This book isn’t intended to teach you C++ or the Standard Library. It assumes a working

knowledge of both the language and the library. This book is also not a general intro-

duction to parallel programming or even multithreaded programming. If you are not

familiar with these topics, you should consider reading some of the books referenced in

the previous section.

Organization of This Book

This book is divided into 12 chapters. Each focuses on a different aspect of program-

ming with C++ AMP. In addition to chapters on specic aspects of C++ AMP, the book

also includes three case studies designed to walk through key C++ AMP features used

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