OpenStack Trove：构建与管理云数据库服务

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"OpenStack Trove 1484212223" OpenStack Trove 是一个详细的指南，旨在帮助用户建立和运行安全、可扩展的云数据库即服务（DBaaS）解决方案。该书由活跃在Trove项目的作者Amrith Kumar和Douglas Shelley撰写，他们详细介绍了如何设置和配置Trove DBaaS框架，使用预包装或自定义数据库实现，并在开发和生产环境中部署多种数据库，包括MySQL、PostgreSQL、MongoDB、Cassandra和Redis。这本书涵盖的内容包括： 1. 安装与配置Trove：读者将学习如何下载和安装OpenStack Trove，了解基本的操作步骤，以便于构建DBaaS环境。 2. 数据库实例管理：介绍如何使用Trove启动数据库实例，执行常见的管理任务，如调整实例大小和配置。 3. 备份与恢复：详细讲解如何进行数据库备份，并从现有备份中启动实例，确保数据的安全性和可用性。 4. 配置组管理：通过配置组管理数据库实例群，实现更高效的数据库资源管理。 5. 故障排查与调试：提供关于如何诊断和解决Trove安装问题的指导，帮助用户快速定位并解决问题。 6. 复制与集群设置：阐述如何设置复制和集群，以增强数据库的高可用性和性能。 7. 定制客户机映像：介绍如何构建自定义客户机映像以配合Trove使用，满足特定的数据库需求。本书面向广泛的读者群体，包括： - 软件工程师：寻求通过数据库驱动的应用程序实现开发敏捷性。 - DevOps工程师：负责操作包含多种数据库的数据库基础设施。 - 数据分析师：希望通过快速配置和释放数据库容量来提高工作效率。书中的章节结构包括： 1. 数据库即服务简介：介绍DBaaS的基本概念和重要性。 2. 下载与安装OpenStack Trove：详细步骤指导安装过程。 3. 基础Trove操作：教授初步的使用技巧。 4. Trove概念与架构：深入理解Trove的工作原理和架构设计。 5. 高级Trove配置与操作：探讨更复杂的设置和操作方法。 6. 调试与故障排除：提供解决常见问题的方法。 7. 构建自定义客户机映像：创建适应Trove的定制化数据库环境。 8. Trove配置文件：解析配置文件以优化Trove的性能。 9. Trove快速参考：提供快速查找关键信息的指南。 10. Trove API：介绍如何使用Trove API进行编程交互。 11. Trove编排：学习如何使用Trove进行数据库服务的编排和自动化。通过阅读本书，读者将能够全面掌握OpenStack Trove的使用，从而更有效地管理和运行云数据库服务。

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About the Technical Reviewer

Nikhil Manchanda is a Principal Engineer working at HP Cloud. He has

been the Project Technical Lead (PTL) for OpenStack Trove for the Juno,

Kilo and Liberty Release Cycles. He designed and wrote significant parts

of the OpenStack Trove project, and has been a Trove core contributor

since the project’s inception. His main areas of expertise lie in Openstack,

Python, and databases, but he has also been known to occasionally dabble

in C++, and machine learning. He has spent previous lives working on

Software Update intelligence, geo-local systems, and mobile applications.

In his spare time you can often find him hunched over his desk either

assiduously hacking away on his Raspberry Pi or NAS4Free box, or writing

verse and short stories.

Chapter 1 ■ an IntroduCtIon to database as a servICe

A database management system is a piece of technology, sometimes only software, sometimes

with customized and specialized hardware, that allows users to store and retrieve data. The Free Online

Dictionary of Computing defines a database management system as “A suite of programs which typically

manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users.”

The Service

Looking now at the other half—as a Service—we can see that its very essence is the emphasis on the delivery

of the service rather than the service being delivered.

In other words, Something as a Service makes it easier for an operator to provide the Something for

consumption while offering the consumer quick access to, and the benefit of, the “Something” in question.

For example, consider that Email as a Service offerings from a number of vendors including Google’s

Gmail and Microsoft’s Office365 make it easy for end users to consume e-mail services without the

challenges of installing and managing servers and e-mail software.

The Service as a Category

The most common use of the term as a Service occurs when referring to the broad category of Software as a

Service (SaaS). This term is often used to refer to applications as a service, like the Salesforce.com customer

relationship management (CRM) software, which is offered as a hosted, online service. It also includes

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings like AWS and Platform as a Service (PaaS) solutions like Cloud

Foundry or Engine Yard.

DBaaS is a specific example of SaaS and inherits some of the attributes of SaaS. These include the fact

that DBaaS is typically centrally hosted and made available to its consumers on a subscription basis; users

only pay for what they use, and when they use it.

DBaaS Defined

One can therefore broadly define a DBaaS to be a technology that

• Offers these database servers “on demand”;

• Provisions database servers;

• Configures those database servers, or groups of database servers, potentially in

complex topologies;

• Automates the management of database servers and groups of database servers;

• Scales the provided database capacity automatically in response to system load; and

• Optimizes the utilization of the supporting infrastructure resources dynamically.

Clearly, these are very broad definitions of capabilities and different offerings may provide each of these

to a different degree.

Just as Amazon offers EC2 as a compute service on its AWS public cloud, it also offers a number of

DBaaS products. In particular, it provides Relational Database Service (RDS) for relational databases like

MySQL or Oracle, a data warehouse as a service in Redshift, and a couple of NoSQL options in DynamoDB

and SimpleDB.

Chapter 1 ■ an IntroduCtIon to database as a servICe

OpenStack is a software platform that allows cloud operators and businesses alike to deliver cloud

services to their users. It includes Nova, a computing service similar to Amazon’s EC2, and Swift, an object

storage service similar to Amazon’s S3, as well as numerous other services. One of these additional services

is Trove, OpenStack’s DBaaS solution.

Unlike Amazon’s DBaaS offerings, which are database specific, Trove allows you to launch a database

from a list of popular relational and nonrelational databases. For each of these databases, Trove provides a

variety of benefits including simplified management, configuration, and maintenance throughout the life

cycle of the database.

The Challenge Databases Pose to IT Organizations

Databases, and the hardware they run on, continue to be a significant part of the cost and burden of

operating an IT infrastructure. Database servers are often the most powerful machines in a data center, and

they rely on extremely high performance from nearly all of a computer’s subsystems.

The interactions with client applications are network intensive, query processing is memory intensive,

indexing is compute intensive, retrieving data requires extremely high random disk access rates, and data

loads and bulk updates imply that disk writes be processed quickly. Traditional databases also do not tend

to scale across machines very well, meaning that all of this horsepower must be centralized into a single

computer or redundant pair with massive amounts of resources.

Of course, new database technologies like NoSQL and NewSQL are changing these assumptions, but

they also present new challenges. They may scale out across machines more easily, reducing the oversized

hardware requirements, but the coordination of distributed processing can tax network resources to an even

greater degree.

The proliferation of these new database technologies also presents another challenge. Managing any

particular database technology can require a great deal of specialized technical expertise. Because of this,

IT organizations have typically only developed expertise in a specific database technology or in some cases

a few database technologies. Because of this, they have generally only offered their customers support for

a limited number of choices of database technologies. In some cases, this was justified, or rationalized as

being a corporate standard.

In recent years, however, development teams and end users have realized that not all databases are

created equal. There are now databases that are specialized to particular access patterns like key-value

lookup, document management, map traversal, or time series indexing. As a result, there is increasing

demand for technologies with which IT has limited experience.

Starting in the latter part of the 2000s, there was an explosion in the so-called NoSQL databases. While it

was initially possible to resist these technologies, their benefits and popularity made this extremely difficult.

Yet, how is an IT organization supposed to support all the various flavors of NoSQL and SQL databases

without having in-depth knowledge of each of them?

Amazon led the way by making computing ubiquitous and easy to consume with a couple of key-clicks

and a credit card. It then automated many of the complexities around databases and offered them as a

service, forcing IT organizations to respond. It did this, however, by building up staff with expertise in each of

these technologies, and still, like the IT staffs of old, offering only a limited number of options.

OpenStack Trove offers IT organizations the ability to operate a complete DBaaS platform within the

enterprise. IT organizations can offer a rich variety of databases to their internal customers with the same

ease of use that Amazon offered with its AWS cloud and the RDS product. Users of Trove get this benefit

without requiring the same scale or large investment in specialized teams of experts in specialized database

technologies that Amazon was able to staff internally.

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