Python 3编程初学者指南：从基础到高级概念详解

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"《002 - 初学者指南：Python 3编程入门》是一本针对Python 3编程的教材，专为初学者设计。它详细地介绍了编程基础概念，例如变量、数据在内存中的存储、for循环以及字符串的使用。作者约翰·亨特以易于理解的方式讲解了函数、模块和包等核心概念，同时涵盖了面向对象编程和函数式编程的重要原理。书中特别关注了一些容易被误解的主题，如生成器和协程，通过实例深入剖析这些高级特性。另外，诸如引用透明性、多重继承和异常处理等技术，作者也通过具体的例子来阐述其工作原理，确保读者能够掌握它们的实际应用。这本书的特点在于提供大量的实例和案例研究，包括一些完整的项目示例，旨在帮助读者将理论知识转化为实际操作技能。'大学计算机科学本科课程系列'的编辑们，如伊恩·麦克基、萨姆森·阿布拉姆斯基等人，共同确保了内容的专业性和深度，适合计算机科学各个阶段的学生，无论是基础知识还是高级主题，都能在此找到适用的指导。总体来说，《002 - 初学者指南：Python 3编程入门》是一本全面且实用的教程，无论你是初次接触编程，还是希望提升Python 3技能的开发者，都能从中获益匪浅。通过本书，读者不仅能建立起坚实的编程基础，还能学习如何高效地运用Python进行问题解决和软件开发。"

5.7.3 Floating Point Number Operators............... 60

5.7.4 Integers and Floating Point Operations

........... 60

5.7.5 Complex Number Operators

.................. 61

5.8 Assignment Operators

.............................. 61

5.9 None Value

..................................... 62

5.10 Online Resources ................................. 63

5.11 Exercises

....................................... 63

5.11.1 General Exercise

........................... 64

5.11.2 Convert Kilometres to Miles

.................. 64

6 Flow of Control Using If Statements

........................ 65

6.1 Introduction

..................................... 65

6.2 Comparison Operators

.............................. 65

6.3 Logical Operators

................................. 66

6.4 The If Statement .................................. 66

6.4.1 Working with an If Statement

................. 67

6.4.2 Else in an If Statement

...................... 68

6.4.3 The Use of elif

............................ 68

6.5 Nesting If Statements

.............................. 69

6.6 If Expressions

.................................... 70

6.7 A Note on True a nd False

........................... 71

6.8 Hints

.......................................... 72

6.9 Online Resources ................................. 72

6.10 Exercises

....................................... 72

6.10.1 Check Input Is Positive or Negative

............. 72

6.10.2 Test if a Number Is Odd or Even

.............. 73

6.10.3 Kilometres to Miles Converter

................. 73

7 Iteration/Looping

...................................... 75

7.1 Introduction

..................................... 75

7.2 While Loop

..................................... 75

7.3 For Loop ....................................... 77

7.4 Break Loop Statement

.............................. 79

7.5 Continue Loop Statement

........................... 81

7.6 For Loop with Else

................................ 82

7.7 A Note on Loop Variable Naming

..................... 83

7.8 Dice Roll Game

.................................. 83

7.9 Online Resources

................................. 84

7.10 Exercises

....................................... 84

7.10.1 Calculate the Factorial of a Number ............. 84

7.10.2 Print All the Prime Numbers in a Range

......... 85

Contents xvii

8 Number Guessing Game ................................. 87

8.1 Introduction

..................................... 87

8.2 Setting Up the Program

............................. 87

8.2.1 Add a Welcome Message

.................... 87

8.2.2 Running the Program

....................... 88

8.3 What Will the Program Do? ......................... 89

8.4 Creating the Game

................................ 90

8.4.1 Generate the Random Number

................. 90

8.4.2 Obtain an Input from the User

................. 91

8.4.3 Check to See If the Player Has Guessed the

Number

................................. 91

8.4.4 Check They Haven’ t Exceeded Their Maximum

Number of Guess

.......................... 92

8.4.5 Notify the Player Whether Higher or Lower ....... 93

8.4.6 End of Game Status

........................ 94

8.5 The Complete Listing

.............................. 94

8.6 Hints

.......................................... 96

8.6.1 Initialising Variables

........................ 96

8.6.2 Blank Lines Within a Block of Code

............ 96

8.7 Exercises

....................................... 97

9 Recursion

............................................ 99

9.1 Introduction ..................................... 99

9.2 Recursive Behaviour

............................... 99

9.3 Beneﬁts of Recursion

.............................. 100

9.4 Recursively Searching a Tree

......................... 100

9.5 Recursion in Python

............................... 102

9.6 Calculating Factorial Recursi vely

...................... 102

9.7 Disadvantages of Recursion

.......................... 104

9.8 Online Resources

................................. 105

9.9 Exercises ....................................... 105

10 Introduction to Structured Analysis

........................ 107

10.1 Introduction

..................................... 107

10.2 Structured Analysis and Function Identiﬁcation

............ 107

10.3 Functional Decomposition

........................... 108

10.3.1 Functional Decomposition Terminology

.......... 109

10.3.2 Functional Decomposition Process

.............. 110

10.3.3 Calculator Functional Decomposition Example

..... 110

10.4 Functional Flow .................................. 112

10.5 Data Flow Diagrams

............................... 112

10.6 Flowcharts

...................................... 113

10.7 Data Dictionary

................................... 115

10.8 Online Resources

................................. 116

xviii Contents

11 Functions in Python .................................... 117

11.1 Introduction

..................................... 117

11.2 What Are Functions?

............................... 117

11.3 How Functions Work

.............................. 118

11.4 Types of Functions

................................ 118

11.5 Deﬁning Functions ................................ 119

11.5.1 An Example Function

....................... 120

11.6 Returning Values from Functions

...................... 121

11.7 Docstring

....................................... 123

11.8 Function Parameters

............................... 124

11.8.1 Multiple Parameter Functions

................. 124

11.8.2 Default Parameter Values

.................... 125

11.8.3 Named Arguments

......................... 126

11.8.4 Arbitrary Arguments ........................ 127

11.8.5 Positional and Keyword Arguments

............. 128

11.9 Anonymous Functions

.............................. 129

11.10 Online Resources

................................. 131

11.11 Exercises

....................................... 131

12 Scope and Lifetime of Variables

........................... 133

12.1 Introduction

..................................... 133

12.2 Local Variables

................................... 133

12.3 The Global Keyword ............................... 135

12.4 Nonlocal Variables

................................ 136

12.5 Hints

.......................................... 137

12.6 Online Resources

................................. 138

12.7 Exercise

........................................ 138

13 Implementing a Calculator Using Functions

.................. 139

13.1 Introduction

..................................... 139

13.2 What the Calculator Will Do

......................... 139

13.3 Getting Started ................................... 140

13.4 The Calculator Operations

........................... 140

13.5 Behaviour of the Calculator

.......................... 141

13.6 Identifying Whether the User Has Finished

............... 142

13.7 Selecting the Operation

............................. 144

13.8 Obtaining the Input Numbers

......................... 146

13.9 Determining the Operation to Execute

.................. 147

13.10 Running the Calculator

............................. 147

13.11 Exercises ....................................... 148

14 Introduction to Functional Programming

.................... 149

14.1 Introduction

..................................... 149

14.2 What Is Functional Programming?

..................... 149

Contents xix

14.3 Advantages to Functional Programming ................. 151

14.4 Disadvantages of Functional Programming

............... 153

14.5 Referential Transparency

............................ 153

14.6 Further Reading

.................................. 155

15 Higher Order Functions

................................. 157

15.1 Introduction ..................................... 157

15.2 Recap on Functions in Python

........................ 157

15.3 Functions as Objects

............................... 158

15.4 Higher Order Function Concepts

...................... 160

15.4.1 Higher Order Function Example

............... 161

15.5 Python Higher Order Functions

....................... 162

15.5.1 Using Higher Order Functions

................. 163

15.5.2 Functions Returning Functions

................ 164

15.6 Online Resources ................................. 165

15.7 Exercises

....................................... 165

16 Curried Functions

...................................... 167

16.1 Introduction

..................................... 167

16.2 Currying Concepts

................................ 167

16.3 Python and Curried Functions

........................ 168

16.4 Closures

........................................ 170

16.5 Online Resources

................................. 172

16.6 Exercises ....................................... 173

17 Introduction to Object Orientation

......................... 175

17.1 Introduction

..................................... 175

17.2 Classes

......................................... 175

17.3 What Are Classes for?

.............................. 176

17.3.1 What Should a Class Do?

.................... 177

17.3.2 Class Terminology

......................... 177

17.4 How Is an OO Sy stem Constructed?

................... 178

17.4.1 Where Do We Start? ........................ 179

17.4.2 Identifying the Objects

...................... 180

17.4.3 Identifying the Services or Methods

............. 181

17.4.4 Reﬁning the Objects

........................ 182

17.4.5 Bringing It All Together

..................... 183

17.5 Where Is the Structure in an OO Program?

............... 186

17.6 Further Reading

.................................. 188

18 Python Classes

........................................ 189

18.1 Introduction ..................................... 189

18.2 Class Deﬁnitions

.................................. 190

18.3 Creating Examples of the Class Person

.................. 191

18.4 Be Careful with Assignment

......................... 192

xx Contents

18.5 Printing Out Objects ............................... 194

18.5.1 Accessing Object Attributes

................... 194

18.5.2 Deﬁning a Default String Representation

......... 195

18.6 Providing a Class Comment

.......................... 196

18.7 Adding a Birthday Method

.......................... 197

18.8 Deﬁning Instance Methods .......................... 198

18.9 Person Class Recap

................................ 199

18.10 The del Keyword

................................. 200

18.11 Automatic Memory Management

...................... 201

18.12 Intrinsic Attributes

................................ 202

18.13 Online Resources

................................. 203

18.14 Exercises

....................................... 203

19 Class Side and Static Behaviour

........................... 205

19.1 Introduction ..................................... 205

19.2 Class Side Data

................................... 205

19.3 Class Side Methods

................................ 206

19.3.1 Why Class-Side Methods?

.................... 207

19.4 Static Methods

................................... 207

19.5 Hints

.......................................... 208

19.6 Online Resources

................................. 208

19.7 Exercises

....................................... 209

20 Class Inheritance

...................................... 211

20.1 Introduction

..................................... 211

20.2 What Is Inheritance?

............................... 211

20.3 Terminology Around Inheritance

...................... 215

20.4 The Class Object and Inheritance

...................... 217

20.5 The Built-in Object Class

........................... 218

20.6 Purpose of Subclasses

.............................. 218

20.7 Overriding Methods

............................... 219

20.8 Extending Superclass Methods ........................ 221

20.9 Inheritance Oriented Naming Conventions

............... 222

20.10 Python and Multiple Inheritance

...................... 223

20.11 Multiple Inheritance Considered Harmful

................ 225

20.12 Summary

....................................... 230

20.13 Online Resources

................................. 230

20.14 Exercises

....................................... 231

21 Why Bother with Object Orientation?

...................... 233

21.1 Introduction ..................................... 233

21.2 The Procedural Approach

........................... 233

21.2.1 Procedures for the Data Structure

.............. 234

21.2.2 Packages

................................ 235

Contents xxi

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