FreeBSD操作系统内核设计与实现指南

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FreeBSD 操作系统设计与实现 FreeBSD 操作系统是基于 Unix 的一款开源操作系统，由于其稳定、安全和高效的特点，广泛应用于服务器、存储设备和嵌入式系统等领域。作为一款开源操作系统，FreeBSD 的开发和维护工作主要由 FreeBSD 项目组负责，并且整个项目组都是由志愿者组成的。本书《FreeBSD 操作系统设计与实现第 2 版》（英文完整版）是 FreeBSD 内核完整的技术指南，对于想了解 FreeBSD 操作系统内部机理和实现细节的开发者和技术人员来说，是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。本书涵盖了 FreeBSD 5 和版本 11 之间的所有重大改进，内容大约有 1/3 是全新的，有 1/3 的内容进行了完全重写。在本书中，作者详细介绍了 FreeBSD 操作系统的设计与实现细节，包括内核架构、进程管理、内存管理、文件系统、网络协议栈、设备驱动程序等方面的技术细节。同时，本书还涵盖了 FreeBSD 操作系统的安全机制、性能优化、故障排除等方面的内容。对于想深入了解 FreeBSD 操作系统内部机理和实现细节的开发者和技术人员来说，本书是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。通过阅读本书，读者可以了解 FreeBSD 操作系统的设计与实现细节，掌握 FreeBSD 操作系统的技术要点，提高自己的技术能力和解决问题的能力。在阅读本书时，读者需要具备一定的计算机科学基础知识和编程经验，包括操作系统、计算机网络、数据结构、算法等方面的知识。如果您是一名开发者或技术人员，想深入了解 FreeBSD 操作系统内部机理和实现细节，本书将是您的一本不可或缺的参考书籍。关于 ePUB 格式在本书的开头，作者提到了 ePUB 格式的相关信息。ePUB 是一种开放的、 industry-standard 格式，用于电子书的发布和阅读。ePUB 格式支持多种设备和应用程序，读者可以根据自己的需求，自定义阅读体验，包括字体、字号、单列或双列、横向或纵向模式等。在阅读本书时，读者可以根据自己的需求，调整阅读体验。例如，读者可以将字体调整到最小，使用单列模式，或者调整到横向模式，以便更好地阅读代码和配置示例。关于代码和配置示例在本书中，作者提供了许多代码和配置示例，用于帮助读者更好地理解 FreeBSD 操作系统的技术细节。为了优化代码和配置示例的呈现，读者可以将阅读设备或应用程序设置为单列模式，并将字体调整到最小。此外，作者还提供了代码和配置示例的图像版本，读者可以点击“点击这里查看代码图像”链接，以查看图像版本的代码和配置示例。本书《FreeBSD 操作系统设计与实现第 2 版》（英文完整版）是一本非常有价值的参考书籍，对于想深入了解 FreeBSD 操作系统内部机理和实现细节的开发者和技术人员来说，是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。

intuition beyond a concept presented in the text. Exercises with two asterisks present major

design projects or open research questions.

Organization

This text discusses both philosophical and design issues, as well as details of the system’s actual

implementation. Often, the discussion starts at the system-call level and descends into the

kernel. Tables and figures are used to clarify data structures and control flow. Pseudocode

similar to the C language displays algorithms. A bold font identifies program names and

filesystem pathnames. A bold and italic font introduces glossary terms. An italic font identifies

the names of system calls, variables, routines, and structure names. Routine names (other than

system calls) are further identified by the name followed by parentheses (e.g., malloc() is the

name of a routine, whereas argv is the name of a variable).

The book is divided into five parts, organized as follows:

• Part I, Overview Three introductory chapters provide the context for the complete

operating system and for the rest of the book. Chapter 1, History and Goals, sketches the

historical development of the system, emphasizing the system’s research orientation. Chapter 2,

Design Overview of FreeBSD, describes the services offered by the system and outlines the

internal organization of the kernel. It also discusses the design decisions that were made as the

system was developed. Sections 2.3 through 2.15 in Chapter 2 give an overview of their

corresponding chapters. Chapter 3, Kernel Services, explains how system calls are performed

and describes in detail several of the basic services of the kernel.

• Part II, Processes The first chapter in this part—Chapter 4, Process Management—lays the

foundation for later chapters by describing the structure of a process, the algorithms used for

scheduling the execution of the threads that make up a process, and the synchronization

mechanisms used by the system to ensure consistent access to kernel-resident data structures.

Chapter 5, Security, explains the security framework used throughout the kernel. It also details

the security facilities that are available to control process access to the resources on the system

and to each other. In Chapter 6, Memory Management, the virtual-memory-management

system is discussed in detail.

• Part III, I/O System First, Chapter 7, I/O System Overview, explains the system interface

to I/O and describes the structure of the facilities that support this interface. Following this

introduction are four chapters that give the details of the main parts of the I/O system. Chapter

8, Devices, gives a description of the I/O architecture of the Intel and AMD systems, and

describes how the I/O subsystem is managed and how the kernel initially maps out and later

manages the arrival and departure of connected devices. Chapter 9, The Fast Filesystem, details

the data structures and algorithms that implement the original local filesystem as seen by

application programs, as well as how local filesystems are interfaced with the device interface

described in Chapter 8. Chapter 10, The Zettabyte Filesystem, describes the filesystem most

recently added to FreeBSD from the OpenSolaris operating system. Chapter 11, The Network

Filesystem, explains the latest version 4.2 network filesystem from both the server and client

perspectives.

• Part IV, Interprocess Communication Chapter 12, Interprocess Communication,

describes the mechanism for providing communication between related or unrelated processes.

Chapters 13 and 14, Network-Layer Protocols and Transport-Layer Protocols, are closely related

because the facilities explained in the former are used by the protocols, such as the UDP, TCP,

and SCTP, explained in the latter.

• Part V, System Operation Chapter 15, System Startup and Shutdown, explains system

initialization at the process level from kernel initialization to user login.

The book is intended to be read in the order that the chapters are presented, but the parts other

than Part I are independent of one another and can be read separately. Chapter 15 should be

read after all the others, but knowledgeable readers may find it useful independently.

At the end of the book are a glossary with brief definitions of major terms and an index. Each

chapter contains a Reference section with citations of related material.

Getting BSD

All the BSD distributions are available either for downloading from the net or on removable

media such as CD-ROM or DVD. Information on obtaining source and binaries for FreeBSD can

be obtained from http://www.FreeBSD.org. The NetBSD distribution is compiled and ready to

run on most workstation architectures. For more information, contact the NetBSD Project at

http://www.NetBSD.org/. The OpenBSD distribution is compiled and ready to run on a wide

variety of workstation architectures and has been extensively vetted for security and reliability.

For more information, visit the OpenBSD project’s Web site at http://www.OpenBSD.org/.

You diehards that read to the end of the preface are rewarded by finding out that you can get a

32-hour introductory video course based on this book, a 40-hour advanced video course based

on the FreeBSD 5 source code, a 2.5-hour video lecture on the history of BSD, and a 4-CD set

containing all the releases and the source-control history of BSD from Berkeley. These items are

described in the advertisements that follow the index.

Acknowledgments

We extend special thanks to Matt Ahrens (Delphix) who provided invaluable insight on the

workings of the ZFS filesystem including countless e-mails answering our questions about how

it works and why specific design decisions were made.

We also thank the following people who provided extensive review of areas of the kernel in

which they have deep knowledge: John Baldwin (The FreeBSD Project) on locking, scheduling,

and virtual memory; Alan Cox (Rice University) on virtual memory; Jeffrey Roberson (EMC) on

the ULE scheduler; and Randall Stewart (Adara Networks) on the SCTP implementation.

We thank the following people, all of whom read and commented on early drafts of various

chapters of the book: Jonathan Anderson (Memorial University of Newfoundland); David

Chisnall (University of Cambridge); Paul Dagnelie (Delphix); Brooks Davis (SRI International);

Paweł Jakub Dawidek (Wheel Systems); Peter Grehan (The FreeBSD Project); Scott Long

(Netflix); Jake Luck; Rick Macklem (The FreeBSD Project); Ilias Marinos (University of

Cambridge); Roger Pau Monné (Citrex); Mark Robert Vaughan Murray; Edward Tomasz

Napierała (The FreeBSD Project); Peter G. Neumann (SRI International); Rui Paolo; Luigi Rizzo

(Universitá di Pisa, Italy); Margo Seltzer (Harvard University); Keith Sklower (University of

California, Berkeley); Lawrence Stewart (Swinburne University of Technology); Michael Tuexen

(Muenster University of Applied Sciences); Bryan Venteicher (NetApp); Erez Zadok (Stony

Brook University); and Bjoern A. Zeeb (The FreeBSD Project).

We are grateful to our now-retired editor of 25 years, Peter Gordon, who had faith in our ability

to get the book written despite several years of delays on our part. We are equally grateful to our

new editor, Debra Williams, who saw this project to completion and who accelerated the

production when we finally had a completed manuscript. We thank all the professional people at

Addison-Wesley and Pearson Education who helped us bring the book to completion: managing

editor John Fuller; production editor Mary Kesel Wilson; cover designer Chuti Prasertsith; copy

editor Deborah Thompson; and proofreader Melissa Panagos. Finally we acknowledge the

contributions of Jaap Akkerhuis, who designed the troff macros for the BSD books.

This book was produced using James Clark’s implementations of pic, tbl, eqn, and groff. The

index was generated by awk scripts derived from indexing programs written by Jon Bentley and

Brian Kernighan [Bentley & Kernighan, 1986]. Most of the art was created with xfig. Figure

placement and widow elimination were handled by the groff macros, but orphan elimination

and production of even page bottoms had to be done by hand.

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