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intuition beyond a concept presented in the text. Exercises with two asterisks present major
design projects or open research questions.
Organization
This text discusses both philosophical and design issues, as well as details of the system’s actual
implementation. Often, the discussion starts at the system-call level and descends into the
kernel. Tables and figures are used to clarify data structures and control flow. Pseudocode
similar to the C language displays algorithms. A bold font identifies program names and
filesystem pathnames. A bold and italic font introduces glossary terms. An italic font identifies
the names of system calls, variables, routines, and structure names. Routine names (other than
system calls) are further identified by the name followed by parentheses (e.g., malloc() is the
name of a routine, whereas argv is the name of a variable).
The book is divided into five parts, organized as follows:
• Part I, Overview Three introductory chapters provide the context for the complete
operating system and for the rest of the book. Chapter 1, History and Goals, sketches the
historical development of the system, emphasizing the system’s research orientation. Chapter 2,
Design Overview of FreeBSD, describes the services offered by the system and outlines the
internal organization of the kernel. It also discusses the design decisions that were made as the
system was developed. Sections 2.3 through 2.15 in Chapter 2 give an overview of their
corresponding chapters. Chapter 3, Kernel Services, explains how system calls are performed
and describes in detail several of the basic services of the kernel.
• Part II, Processes The first chapter in this part—Chapter 4, Process Management—lays the
foundation for later chapters by describing the structure of a process, the algorithms used for
scheduling the execution of the threads that make up a process, and the synchronization
mechanisms used by the system to ensure consistent access to kernel-resident data structures.
Chapter 5, Security, explains the security framework used throughout the kernel. It also details
the security facilities that are available to control process access to the resources on the system
and to each other. In Chapter 6, Memory Management, the virtual-memory-management
system is discussed in detail.
• Part III, I/O System First, Chapter 7, I/O System Overview, explains the system interface
to I/O and describes the structure of the facilities that support this interface. Following this
introduction are four chapters that give the details of the main parts of the I/O system. Chapter
8, Devices, gives a description of the I/O architecture of the Intel and AMD systems, and
describes how the I/O subsystem is managed and how the kernel initially maps out and later
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