《代码完全指南（第二版）》电子书：权威软件开发手册

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《代码完全指南，第二版》(Code Complete, Second Edition)是由Steve McConnell撰写的一本权威IT专业书籍，由微软出版社(Microsoft Press)出版。该书是关于软件设计与架构设计的经典之作，旨在提供全面的软件开发实践和最佳实践。在2004年版权首次发行时，作者强调了所有内容未经许可不得复制或传播，以保护知识产权。本书深入探讨了软件开发过程中的各个方面，包括但不限于设计模式、架构设计原则和最佳实践，它不仅涵盖了编程技巧，还关注于如何构建高质量、可维护和可扩展的代码。读者可以从中学习到如何有效地组织代码结构，提高代码的可读性和可理解性，以及如何遵循一系列设计原则，如单一职责原则、开闭原则等，以实现软件的灵活性和适应性。书中还包括了丰富的实例和详细的指导，使开发者能够将理论知识应用到实际项目中。此外，该书还附有详细的索引，便于读者快速查找所需的信息。《代码完全指南，第二版》的ISBN为0-7356-1967-0，适合所有层次的软件开发者，无论是初级开发者寻找基础指导，还是经验丰富的工程师寻求深化理解或提升实践水平。值得注意的是，这本书的印刷和发行地在美国，但在加拿大由H.B.Fenn and Company Ltd.分销，并在全球范围内通过书店和经销商供应。对于国际版本的更多信息，可以通过联系微软公司的当地办公室或者直接联系Microsoft Press International获取，其联系方式为传真(425)936-7329。此外，读者可以通过访问微软Press的官方网站www.microsoft.com/mspress，获取更多相关资源或提交反馈。《代码完全指南，第二版》是一本不可多得的软件工程参考书，它为软件开发人员提供了全面且实用的工具，帮助他们提升代码质量，优化开发流程，是任何IT专业人士的案头必备之书。

xvi Table of Contents

32 Self-Documenting Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.1 External Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.2 Programming Style as Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

32.3 To Comment or Not to Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

32.4 Keys to Effective Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

32.5 Commenting Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

32.6 IEEE Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

33 Personal Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

33.1 Isn’t Personal Character Off the Topic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

33.2 Intelligence and Humility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

33.3 Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

33.4 Intellectual Honesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

33.5 Communication and Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

33.6 Creativity and Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

33.7 Laziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.8 Characteristics That Don’t Matter As Much As You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.9 Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

34 Themes in Software Craftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.1 Conquer Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.2 Pick Your Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

34.3 Write Programs for People First, Computers Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

34.4 Program into Your Language, Not in It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

34.5 Focus Your Attention with the Help of Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

34.6 Program in Terms of the Problem Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

34.7 Watch for Falling Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

34.8 Iterate, Repeatedly, Again and Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

34.9 Thou Shalt Rend Software and Religion Asunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

xix

Preface

The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice

is very wide—perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that

disseminates good practice would be important.

—Fred Brooks

My primary concern in writing this book has been to narrow the gap between the

knowledge of industry gurus and professors on the one hand and common commer-

cial practice on the other. Many powerful programming techniques hide in journals

and academic papers for years before trickling down to the programming public.

Although leading-edge software-development practice has advanced rapidly in recent

years, common practice hasn’t. Many programs are still buggy, late, and over budget,

and many fail to satisfy the needs of their users. Researchers in both the software

industry and academic settings have discovered effective practices that eliminate most

of the programming problems that have been prevalent since the 1970s. Because

these practices aren’t often reported outside the pages of highly specialized technical

journals, however, most programming organizations aren’t yet using them today.

Studies have found that it typically takes 5 to 15 years or more for a research develop-

ment to make its way into commercial practice (Raghavan and Chand 1989, Rogers

1995, Parnas 1999). This handbook shortcuts the process, making key discoveries

available to the average programmer now.

Who Should Read This Book?

The research and programming experience collected in this handbook will help you

to create higher-quality software and to do your work more quickly and with fewer

problems. This book will give you insight into why you’ve had problems in the past

and will show you how to avoid problems in the future. The programming practices

described here will help you keep big projects under control and help you maintain

and modify software successfully as the demands of your projects change.

Experienced Programmers

This handbook serves experienced programmers who want a comprehensive, easy-to-

use guide to software development. Because this book focuses on construction, the

most familiar part of the software life cycle, it makes powerful software development

techniques understandable to self-taught programmers as well as to programmers

with formal training.

xx Preface

Technical Leads

Many technical leads have used Code Complete to educate less-experienced program-

mers on their teams. You can also use it to fill your own knowledge gaps. If you’re an

experienced programmer, you might not agree with all my conclusions (and I would be

surprised if you did), but if you read this book and think about each issue, only rarely

will someone bring up a construction issue that you haven’t previously considered.

Self-Taught Programmers

If you haven’t had much formal training, you’re in good company. About 50,000 new

developers enter the profession each year (BLS 2004, Hecker 2004), but only about

35,000 software-related degrees are awarded each year (NCES 2002). From these fig-

ures it’s a short hop to the conclusion that many programmers don’t receive a formal

education in software development. Self-taught programmers are found in the emerg-

ing group of professionals—engineers, accountants, scientists, teachers, and small-

business owners—who program as part of their jobs but who do not necessarily view

themselves as programmers. Regardless of the extent of your programming educa-

tion, this handbook can give you insight into effective programming practices.

Students

The counterpoint to the programmer with experience but little formal training is the

fresh college graduate. The recent graduate is often rich in theoretical knowledge but

poor in the practical know-how that goes into building production programs. The

practical lore of good coding is often passed down slowly in the ritualistic tribal

dances of software architects, project leads, analysts, and more-experienced program-

mers. Even more often, it’s the product of the individual programmer’s trials and

errors. This book is an alternative to the slow workings of the traditional intellectual

potlatch. It pulls together the helpful tips and effective development strategies previ-

ously available mainly by hunting and gathering from other people’s experience. It’s a

hand up for the student making the transition from an academic environment to a

professional one.

Where Else Can You Find This Information?

This book synthesizes construction techniques from a variety of sources. In addition

to being widely scattered, much of the accumulated wisdom about construction has

resided outside written sources for years (Hildebrand 1989, McConnell 1997a).

There is nothing mysterious about the effective, high-powered programming tech-

niques used by expert programmers. In the day-to-day rush of grinding out the latest

project, however, few experts take the time to share what they have learned. Conse-

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