Linux From Scratch 10.0版：自定义系统构建指南

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《Linux From Scratch (LFS) 10.0 - Systemd 版本》是一本由 Gerard Beekmans 创建并管理，Bruce Dubbs、Douglas R. Reno 和 DJ Lucas 担任编辑的权威指南，于2020年9月1日发布。这本书专为那些希望从源代码构建自定义Linux系统的人设计，强调了从零开始构建的操作系统过程。LFS项目的目标是让用户深入了解操作系统底层工作原理，通过手动安装和配置每一个组件，实现对系统的深入理解和控制。本书的核心内容围绕Linux内核、基础工具和系统管理工具Systemd展开。Systemd是一款现代的初始化系统和系统管理工具，它提供了服务管理、守护进程控制、定时任务和基本的系统启动流程等功能。在10.0版本中，作者可能更新了Systemd的安装和配置步骤，以适应最新的技术发展，并确保用户能够充分利用其高效性和安全性。章节一"Introduction"介绍了LFS系统构建的总体方法，包括如何开始构建，新版本的主要变化，以及前一版本以来的更新内容。此外，还有资源推荐和求助途径供读者参考。这部分内容对于初次接触LFS的读者尤其重要，它为整个过程设定了明确的路径。第二部分"Preparing for the Build"着重于准备构建环境，包括主机的设置和必要的前提条件，如必要的编译器、开发工具包和其他软件环境。这部分内容将指导读者如何在现有的Linux或虚拟机上设置一个干净的工作空间，以便进行源码级别的系统构建。在整个过程中，LFS遵循的标准、书中的包选择理由以及排版规范也得到了详细解释，以确保读者在构建过程中遵循最佳实践。此外，书末还列出了可能存在的错误和勘误表（Errata），以帮助读者解决遇到的问题。《Linux From Scratch 10.0 - Systemd》是一本深度学习Linux系统构建的实用手册，适合那些希望从底层理解操作系统并亲手创造自己的定制化系统的开发者和技术爱好者。通过跟随书中详尽的步骤，读者将收获宝贵的实践经验和对Linux内核及Systemd的深入理解。

Linux From Scratch - Version 10.0-systemd

• Psmisc

This package contains programs for displaying information about running processes. These programs are useful for

system administration.

• Python 3

This package provides an interpreted language that has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability.

• Readline

This package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash.

• Sed

This package allows editing of text without opening it in a text editor. It is also needed by most LFS packages'

configure scripts.

• Shadow

This package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.

• Systemd

This package provides an init program and several additional boot and system control capabilities as an alternative

to Sysvinit. It is used by many commercial distributions.

• Tar

This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS.

• Tcl

This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages.

• Texinfo

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

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• Zstd

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs. It provide high

compression ratios and a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs.

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also

used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

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This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this

example, you will need to run man 5 passwd in order to read the page being specified. Note that most man pages do

not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, man <program name> is generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS Cross Toolchain and Temporary Tools

Part III provides instructions for building the tools needed for constructing the final LFS system.

Part IV - Building the LFS System

Part IV guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Part V - Appendices

Part V provides information about the book itself including acronyms and terms, acknowledgments, package

dependencies, a listing of LFS boot scripts, licenses for the distribution of the book, and a comprehensive index of

packages, programs, libraries, and scripts.

Errata

The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes

may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions

in this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/systemd/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes

shown and apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.

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Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. How to Build an LFS System

The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora,

or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs,

including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution

installation to be able to access these tools.

As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a

commercial distribution.

Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the

new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded

to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of an appropriate

working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of

before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.

Chapter 5, explains the installation of the initial tool chain, (binutils, gcc, and glibc) using cross compilation techniques

to isolate the new tools from the host system.

Chapter 6 shows you how to cross-compile basic utilities using the just built cross-toolchain.

Chapter 7 then enters a "chroot" environment and uses the previously built tools to build the additional tools needed

to build and test the final system.

This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to

why this is done is provided in Toolchain Technical Notes.

In Chapter 8, The full LFS system is built. Another advantage provided by the chroot environment is that it allows you

to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package compilations to complete, you

can continue using your computer as normal.

To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in Chapter 9, and the kernel and boot loader are set

up in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps

in this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.

This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package

descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on

the LFS adventure.

1.2. What's new since the last release

In this version of LFS, there has been a major reorganization of the book using techniques that avoid changing the host

system and provides a more straight forward build process.

Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book.

Upgraded to:

•

• Automake-1.16.2

• Bc 3.1.5

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