精通Android Studio 3：高效安卓应用开发指南

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《Learn Android Studio 3 - Efficient Android App Development》是由Ted Hagos编著的一本权威指南，专为中国开发者设计，填补了国内市场上关于Android Studio及安卓应用开发技术介绍的空白。本书针对Android Studio 3这一版本进行深度解析，旨在帮助读者高效地学习和掌握Android应用开发。该书详细介绍了Android Studio 3的新特性和改进，包括其界面设计、集成开发环境（IDE）的优化、构建系统、代码编辑器功能以及调试工具的升级。作者以实践为导向，通过实例演示和详细步骤，让读者能够快速上手并提升开发效率。书中不仅涵盖了Android应用程序的基本构建流程，还深入讲解了Android组件（如Activity、Fragment、Service等）、网络通信、数据库管理、用户界面设计、多媒体处理以及Google Play Services的使用。对于那些希望在移动应用领域发展或者已经使用过旧版本Android Studio但想了解新版本变化的开发者来说，《Learn Android Studio 3》是一本不可或缺的参考书。它不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了大量的实战项目，让读者能够在实际操作中理解和应用所学内容。此外，该书遵循国际版权法规，所有权利保留，强调了数字化时代对知识产权的尊重。对于商标、标志和图像的使用，作者采取谨慎处理，确保符合规范。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅能掌握最新的Android Studio技术，还能了解到如何遵守行业标准，保护自己的作品。《Learn Android Studio 3 - Efficient Android App Development》是一本实用且全面的教程，适合Android开发者作为进阶学习资料，也是初学者系统入门Android开发的理想起点。无论是希望提升现有技能还是进入安卓开发领域的专业人士，都能从中受益匪浅。

2 CHAPTER 1: Introduction

2003 Android Inc., founded by Andy Rubin and backed by Google, was born

2005 Google bought Android Inc.

2007 Android was officially open sourced. Google turned over its ownership to the Open

Handset Alliance (OHA)

2008 version 1.0 was released

2009 versions 1.1, 1.5 (Cupcake), 1.6 (Donut), and 2.0 (Eclair) were released

2010 versions 2.2 (Froyo) and 2.3 (Gingerbread) were released

2011 3.0 (Honeycomb) and 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) were released

2012 version 4.1 (Jellybean)

2013 version 4.4 (KitKat)

2014 versions 5.0–5.1 (Lollipop); Android became 64-bit

2015 version 6.0 (Marshmallow)

2016 version 7.0-7.1.2 (Nougat)

2017 version 8 (Oreo)

One other thing that makes Android’s history colorful is the lawsuits. Sometime in the past,

Oracle sued Google, alleging that the latter infringed some copyrights of Java. But the

Java implementation of Android isn’t based on Oracle’s Java language implementation; it is

instead based on OpenJDK. Before Android Studio 2.2, installation of a separate Java SDK

was a prerequisite for Android Studio; that is no longer the case because OpenJDK is now

part of the installation. Then, there were the lawsuits between Apple and Samsung; the main

part of all that was about Android. There were some bumps in the past but the little robot

marched on.

Statistics

7.2 billion

Number of Android devices. It already has exceeded the total number of people in the planet

Number of decades it took for mobile devices to go from zero to 7.2 billion

1.5 million

Number of Android devices being activated daily

2,617

Number of times users touch their mobile devices in a day

2 billion

Number of active Android users monthly

3CHAPTER 1: Introduction

Percentage of share of Android in the mobile OS market

I know you are already into Android development; you are reading this book after all. If you

weren’t aware of these statistics before, I hope this gives you extra motivation to continue

your journey toward mobile development. Mobile computing usage is growing at a rapid

pace, and Android has the lion’s share of it.

Operating System

The most visible part of Android, at least for developers, is its OS. An OS is a complex

thing, but for the most part, it is what stands between a user and the hardware. That is an

oversimplification, but it will suffice for our purposes. By “user,” I don’t literally mean an end

user or a person. What I mean by it is an application, a piece of code that a programmer

creates, like a word processor or an e-mail client.

Take the e-mail app, for example; as you type each character on the keys, the app needs

to communicate to the hardware for the message to make its way to your screen and hard

drive and eventually send it to the cloud via your network. It is a more involved process than

I describe it here, but that is the basic idea. At its simplest, an OS does three things:

manages hardware on behalf of applications

provides services to applications like networking, security and memory

management, and so forth

manages execution of applications; this is the part that allows us to run

multiple applications (seemingly) almost at the same time

Figure 1-1 shows a logical diagram of Android’s system architecture; it is far from complete,

since it doesn’t show all the apps, components, and libraries in the Android platform, but it

should give you an idea on how things are organized.

browser email

your apps

content

providers

view

system

MANAGERS

activity location package notiﬁcation

resource

telephony window

webkit, media framework, open media libc, etc

android

runtime

core

libraries

LIBRARIES

hardware

drivers

power

mgt

memory

mgt

process

mgt

etc

LINUX KERNEL

APPLICATIONS

FRAMEWORK

APPLICATIONS

Figure 1-1. Platform architecture

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4 CHAPTER 1: Introduction

The lowest level in the diagram is the one responsible for interfacing with the hardware,

various services like memory management, and executions of processes. It should sound

familiar because these were the three things I said that OSes do. This part of the Android

OS is Linux. Linux is a very stable OS and is quite ubiquitous itself. You can find it in many

places like server hardware on data centers, appliances, medical devices, and so forth.

Android has an embedded Linux inside it which handles hardware interfacing and some

other kernel functions.

On top of the Linux kernel are low-level libraries like SQLite, OpenGL, and so on. These are

not part of the Linux kernel but are still low level and as such, are written mostly in C/C++.

On the same level, you will find the Android runtime (Android class libraries + Dalvik virtual

machine), which is where Android applications are run. Unlike other Java programs, Android

executables are not .class files; they are .dex files. Dex files are not run on a typical Java

virtual machine (JVM) like the one installed on your desktop. The dex files are meant to run

on a VM that is optimized for low-powered handheld devices. The compilation cycle could

be summed to the following: .java files (source code) ➤ Java compiler (.class) ➤ dex

compiler (.dex) ➤ packaging (.apk)

Next up is the application framework layer. It sits on top of both the low-level libraries and

the Android runtime because it needs both. This is the layer that we will interact with as an

application developer because it contains all the libraries we need to write apps.

Finally, on top is the application layer. This is where all our apps reside, both the ones we

write and the ones that comes prebuilt with the OS. It should be pointed out that prebuilt

applications which come with the device do not have any special privileges over the ones we

will write. If you don’t like the e-mail app of the phone, you can write your own and replace

it. Android is democratic like that.

Note The Dalvik VM was written by Dan Borstein; the VM was named after a fishing village in

Iceland.

T. Hagos, Learn Android Studio 3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3156-2_2

Chapter 2

Android Studio

Developing applications for Android was not always as convenient as today. When

Android 1.0 was released sometime in 2008, what developers got by way of a development

kit was no more than a bunch of command-line tools and ant build scripts. Building

apps with vim, ant, and some command-line tools, that wasn’t so bad if you were used

to that kind of thing, but many developers were not. The lack of integrated development

environment (IDE) capabilities like code hinting, project setups, and integrated debugging

was somewhat a barrier to entry.

Thankfully, the Android development tools (ADT) for the Eclipse IDE was released, also

in 2008. Eclipse was, and still is, a favorite and dominant choice of IDE for many Java

developers. It felt very natural that it would also be the go-to IDE for Android developers.

From 2009 up until 2012, Eclipse remained to be choice of IDE for development. The

Android SDK has also undergone both major and incremental changes in structure and in

scope. In 2009, the SDK manager was released; we use this to download tools, individual

SDK versions, and Android images that we can use for the emulator. In 2010, additional

images were released for the ARM processor and X86 CPUs. 2012 was a big year because

Eclipse and ADT were finally bundled; this was a big deal because until that time, developers

had to install Eclipse and the ADT separately, and the installation process wasn’t always

smooth. So, the bundling of the two together made it a whole lot easier to get started with

Android development. 2012 was also a big year because it marked the last year of Eclipse

being the dominant IDE for Android.

In 2013, Android Studio was released. To be sure, it was still on beta, but the writing on the

wall was clear. It will be the official IDE for Android development. Android Studio is based

on Jetbrain’s IntelliJ. IntelliJ is a commercial Java IDE that also has a community (nonpaid)

version. This is the version that would serve as the base for Android Studio. In this chapter,

we will cover the following.

Setup

Configuration

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6 CHAPTER 2: Android Studio

Hardware acceleration

Some basic parts of Android Studio 3

Android Studio Setup

The AS3 installer is available for macOS, Windows, and Linux. The download page detects

the OS you are using, so you should be able to spot the download button fairly quickly.

You will be asked to agree to some terms and conditions before you can proceed with the

download. Read it, understand it, and agree to it so you can carry on. After that, the AS3

installed will be downloaded in a zipped file.

If you have an existing installation of Android Studio, you can keep using that version and

still install the preview edition. AS3 can coexist with your existing version of Android Studio;

its settings will be kept in a different directory.

macOS

You must have seen the installation instruction after the terms and conditions screen; if you

haven’t or you skipped through it, I suggest that you give it a once-over, because there is an

installation warning in case you have an existing version of Android Studio. It says that if you

downloaded Android Studio version 2.3 or earlier, the application name on macOS installer

does not include the version number. So, you may want to rename your existing Android

Studio prior to installing the preview version. You can rename your existing Android Studio

installation by opening a finder window; then, select “Applications” from the sidebar, find

Android Studio, activate the context menu (press Ctrl + mouse click), and choose rename.

The installation notes for AS3 are at https://developer.android.com/studio/preview/

install-preview.html

1. Unpack the zipped file

2. Drag the application file into the Applications folder

3. Launch AS3

4. AS3 will prompt you to import some settings; if you have a previous

installation, you can import that (it is the default option)

Windows

1. Unzip the installer file

2. Move it to a folder location of your choice (e.g., C:\AndroidStudio).

Drill down to this folder

Note Before you can install Android Studio, you need the Java 8 JDK. JDK installation instructions

are in the appendix.

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