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首页DICOM标准详解与应用
DICOM标准详解与应用
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更新于2024-08-01
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"DICOM帮助文档3"
DICOM(Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)是一种标准,用于在医疗环境中交换、存储、打印和呈现医学图像及相关信息。它是一个关键的工具,对于那些从事医学设备和系统开发的专业人士来说,了解和掌握DICOM至关重要,无论他们是否精通C++编程或MFC(Microsoft Foundation Classes)框架。
DICOM标准由National Electrical Manufacturers Association(NEMA)发布,其Part 3:Information Object Definitions详细描述了不同类型的医学图像和数据对象的结构和格式。这部分文档PS3.3-2008涵盖了 DICOM标准的最新版本,发布于2008年,包含了与医疗影像和通信相关的众多信息对象定义。
在 DICOM 标准中,信息对象定义(IODs)是核心概念,它们定义了数据如何组织以表示特定的医疗信息类型,如CT扫描、MRI图像、超声图像等。IODs包含了一系列的DICOM数据元素,这些元素定义了医疗影像的数据结构,如患者信息、影像序列、时间戳等。通过遵循这些定义,不同的医疗设备和系统能够彼此交换数据,实现互操作性。
DICOM标准还包括了传输层协议,如TCP/IP,以及用于压缩和解压缩图像的编码标准,如JPEG、RLE(Run-Length Encoding)和J2K(JPEG2000)。此外,DICOM还规定了存储服务类(Storage Service Class),允许图像和其他医疗数据存储在符合DICOM的服务器上,以及查询/检索服务类(Query/Retrieve Service Class),使得从远程位置访问和检索这些数据成为可能。
在开发过程中,DICOM标准经过广泛的共识建立,意味着尽管可能没有所有参与者都完全同意,但它是经过行业内专家和技术人员充分讨论和验证的。然而,NEMA明确指出,标准的采用者应自行评估标准的适用性和技术准确性,因为共识并不保证绝对的技术完美。
DICOM是医疗成像领域不可或缺的一部分,为医疗图像的交换、管理和分析提供了一套统一的语言。理解和应用DICOM标准,对于确保医疗设备和系统的兼容性、提高医疗服务效率和质量具有深远的影响。
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C.4
STUDY MODULES ................................................................................................................264
C.4.1 Study Relationship Module ..............................................................................................264
C.4.2 Study Identification Module..............................................................................................264
C.4.3 Study Classification Module.............................................................................................264
C.4.4 Study Scheduling Module ................................................................................................264
C.4.5 Study Acquisition Module ................................................................................................264
C.4.6 Study Read Module .........................................................................................................265
C.4.7 Study Component Module ...............................................................................................265
C.4.8 Study Component Relationship Module ..........................................................................265
C.4.9 Study Component Acquisition Module.............................................................................265
C.4.10 Scheduled Procedure Step Module.................................................................................265
C.4.10.1 Protocol Context Sequence...................................................................................266
C.4.11 Requested Procedure Module.........................................................................................267
C.4.12 Imaging Service Request Module....................................................................................268
C.4.13 Performed Procedure Step Relationship.........................................................................269
C.4.14 Performed Procedure Step Information...........................................................................271
C.4.15 Image Acquisition Results ...............................................................................................272
C.4.16 Radiation Dose................................................................................................................274
C.4.17 Billing and Material Management Codes.........................................................................276
C.4.18 General Purpose Scheduled Procedure Step Relationship Module .................................276
C.4.19 General Purpose Scheduled Procedure Step Information Module...................................278
C.4.20 General Purpose Performed Procedure Step Relationship Module................................282
C.4.21 General Purpose Performed Procedure Step Information Module..................................283
C.4.22 General Purpose Results ................................................................................................285
C.4.23 Instance Availability Notification Module..........................................................................286
C.4.23.1 Instance Availability Notification Module Attribute Definitions................................287
C.4.23.1.1 Instance Availability..............................................................................287
C.5 RESULTS MODULES............................................................................................................287
C.6 INTERPRETATION MODULES.............................................................................................288
C.7 COMMON COMPOSITE IMAGE IOD MODULES.................................................................288
C.7.1 Common Patient IE Modules...........................................................................................288
C.7.1.1 Patient Module.......................................................................................................288
C.7.1.2 Specimen Identification Module.............................................................................291
C.7.1.2.1 Specimen Module Attributes ..................................................................292
C.7.1.2.1.1 Specimen Accession Number ......................................................292
C.7.1.2.1.2 Specimen Identifier.......................................................................292
C.7.1.3 Clinical Trial Subject Module .....................................................................................292
C.7.1.3.1 Clinical Trial Subject Attribute Descriptions...............................................293
C.7.1.3.1.1 Clinical Trial Sponsor Name ............................................................293
C.7.1.3.1.2 Clinical Trial Protocol ID...................................................................293
C.7.1.3.1.3 Clinical Trial Protocol Name.............................................................293
C.7.1.3.1.4 Clinical Trial Site ID..........................................................................293
C.7.1.3.1.5 Clinical Trial Site Name....................................................................293
C.7.1.3.1.6 Clinical Trial Subject ID....................................................................293
C.7.1.3.1.7 Clinical Trial Subject Reading ID .....................................................293
C.7.2 Common Study IE Modules.............................................................................................294
C.7.2.1 General Study Module ...........................................................................................294
C.7.2.1.1 General Study Attribute Descriptions ........................................................295
C.7.2.1.1.1 Referring Physician, Physician of Record, Physician Reading Study295
C.7.2.2 Patient Study Module.............................................................................................295
C.7.2.3 Clinical Trial Study Module ........................................................................................296
C.7.2.3.1 Clinical Trial Study Attribute Descriptions..................................................297
C.7.2.3.1.1 Clinical Trial Time Point ...................................................................297
C.7.3 Common Series IE Modules............................................................................................297
C.7.3.1 General Series Module ..........................................................................................297
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C.7.3.1.1
General Series Attribute Descriptions....................................................300
C.7.3.1.1.1 Modality ........................................................................................300
C.7.3.1.1.2 Patient Position.............................................................................301
C.7.3.2 Clinical Trial Series Module.......................................................................................301
C.7.3.2.1 Clinical Trial Series Attribute Descriptions ................................................301
C.7.3.2.1.1 Clinical Trial Coordinating Center Name..........................................301
C.7.3.2.1.2 Clinical Trial Series Identifier and Description .................................301
C.7.3.3 Enhanced Series Module.......................................................................................302
C.7.4 Common Frame Of Reference Information Entity Modules ............................................302
C.7.4.1 Frame Of Reference Module.................................................................................302
C.7.4.1.1 Frame Of Reference Attribute Descriptions...........................................303
C.7.4.1.1.1 Frame Of Reference UID .............................................................303
C.7.4.1.1.2 Position Reference Indicator ........................................................303
C.7.4.2 Synchronization Module ...........................................................................................303
C.7.4.2.1 Synchronization Attribute Descriptions......................................................305
C.7.4.2.1.1 Synchronization Frame of Reference UID .......................................305
C.7.4.2.1.2 Time Source and Time Distribution Protocol ...................................305
C.7.4.2.1.3 Synchronization Channel .................................................................305
C.7.4.2.1.4 Acquisition Time Synchronized........................................................305
C.7.5 Common Equipment IE Modules.....................................................................................306
C.7.5.1 General Equipment Module ...................................................................................306
C.7.5.1.1 General Equipment Attribute Descriptions.............................................307
C.7.5.1.1.1 Date Of Last Calibration, Time Of Last Calibration......................307
C.7.5.1.1.2 Pixel Padding Value and Pixel Padding Range Limit ...................307
C.7.5.2 Enhanced General Equipment Module..................................................................309
C.7.6 Common Image IE Modules............................................................................................309
C.7.6.1 General Image Module ..........................................................................................309
C.7.6.1.1 General Image Attribute Descriptions....................................................314
C.7.6.1.1.1 Patient Orientation........................................................................314
C.7.6.1.1.2 Image Type...................................................................................314
C.7.6.1.1.3 Derivation Description ..................................................................315
C.7.6.1.1.4 Source image sequence...............................................................315
C.7.6.1.1.5 Lossy Image Compression...........................................................316
C.7.6.1.1.6 Icon Image Sequence......................................................................317
C.7.6.1.1.7 Irradiation Event UID ....................................................................317
C.7.6.2 Image Plane Module..............................................................................................317
C.7.6.2.1 Image Plane Attribute Descriptions........................................................317
C.7.6.2.1.1 Image Position And Image Orientation.........................................317
C.7.6.2.1.2 Slice Location ...............................................................................318
C.7.6.3 Image Pixel Module ...............................................................................................319
C.7.6.3.1 Image Pixel Attribute Descriptions.........................................................321
C.7.6.3.1.1 Samples Per Pixel ........................................................................321
C.7.6.3.1.2 Photometric Interpretation ............................................................322
C.7.6.3.1.3 Planar Configuration.....................................................................325
C.7.6.3.1.4 Pixel Data .....................................................................................325
C.7.6.3.1.5 Palette Color Lookup Table Descriptor ........................................325
C.7.6.3.1.6 Palette Color Lookup Table Data .................................................326
C.7.6.3.1.7 Pixel Aspect Ratio ........................................................................327
C.7.6.4 Contrast/Bolus Module ..........................................................................................327
C.7.6.4b Enhanced Contrast/Bolus Module .........................................................................328
C.7.6.4b.1 Enhanced Contrast/Bolus Module Attributes...........................................329
C.7.6.4b.1.1 Contrast/Bolus Ingredient Opaque for X-Ray equipment ..............329
C.7.6.5 Cine Module...........................................................................................................330
C.7.6.5.1 Cine Attribute Descriptions ....................................................................332
C.7.6.5.1.1 Frame Time..................................................................................332
C.7.6.5.1.2 Frame Time Vector ......................................................................332
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C.7.6.5.1.3
Multiplexed Audio .........................................................................332
C.7.6.6 Multi-Frame Module...............................................................................................332
C.7.6.6.1 Multi-Frame Attribute Descriptions........................................................333
C.7.6.6.1.1 Number Of Frames And Frame Increment Pointer .....................333
C.7.6.7 Bi-Plane Sequence Module (Retired) ....................................................................333
C.7.6.8 Bi-Plane Image Module (Retired) ..........................................................................333
C.7.6.9 Frame Pointers Module .........................................................................................333
C.7.6.10 Mask Module .........................................................................................................335
C.7.6.10.1 Mask Subtraction Attribute Descriptions.............................................336
C.7.6.10.1.1.. Mask Operation ...........................................................................336
C.7.6.10.1.2.. Mask Sub-pixel Shift....................................................................338
C.7.6.11 Display Shutter Module..........................................................................................338
C.7.6.12 Device Module .......................................................................................................344
C.7.6.12.1 Device Attribute Descriptions...............................................................345
C.7.6.12.1.1.. Device Type and Size..................................................................345
C.7.6.13 Intervention Module ...............................................................................................345
C.7.6.14 Acquisition Context Module ...................................................................................346
C.7.6.15 Bitmap Display Shutter Module..............................................................................348
C.7.6.16 Multi-frame Functional Groups Module..................................................................350
C.7.6.16.1 Multi-frame Functional Groups Module Attribute Description ..............352
C.7.6.16.1.1.. Functional Group .........................................................................352
C.7.6.16.1.2.. Per-frame Functional Groups Sequence.....................................352
C.7.6.16.2 Common Functional Group Macros.....................................................353
C.7.6.16.2.1.. Pixel Measures Macro .................................................................354
C.7.6.16.2.2.. Frame Content Macro..................................................................355
C.7.6.16.2.2.1 Timing Parameter Relationships........................................357
C.7.6.16.2.2.2 Frame Reference DateTime..............................................357
C.7.6.16.2.2.3 Frame Acquisition Duration................................................357
C.7.6.16.2.2.4 Concatenations and Stacks ...............................................357
C.7.6.16.2.2.5 Frame Label.......................................................................360
C.7.6.16.2.3.. Plane Position Macro...................................................................361
C.7.6.16.2.3.1 Position and Orientation for SAMPLED Frames................361
C.7.6.16.2.4.. Plane Orientation Macro..............................................................362
C.7.6.16.2.5.. Referenced Image Macro ............................................................362
C.7.6.16.2.5.1 Use of Referenced Image Macro.......................................362
C.7.6.16.2.6.. Derivation Image Macro...............................................................363
C.7.6.16.2.7.. Cardiac Synchronization Macro...................................................364
C.7.6.16.2.7.1 Relationship of Cardiac Timing Attributes..........................365
C.7.6.16.2.8.. Frame Anatomy Macro ................................................................366
C.7.6.16.2.9.. Pixel Value Transformation Macro ..............................................367
C.7.6.16.2.10 Frame VOI LUT Macro ................................................................368
C.7.6.16.2.11 Real World Value Mapping Macro...............................................368
C.7.6.16.2.11.1 Real World Value representation.......................................369
C.7.6.16.2.12 Contrast/Bolus Usage Functional Group Macro .........................371
C.7.6.16.2.13 Pixel Intensity Relationship LUT Macro .......................................373
C.7.6.16.2.13.1 Pixel Intensity Relationship LUT ........................................373
C.7.6.16.2.13.2 Pixel Intensity Relationship LUT Data Attribute .................374
C.7.6.16.2.14 Frame Pixel Shift Macro ..............................................................374
C.7.6.16.2.14.1 Subtraction Item ID Description..........................................375
C.7.6.16.2.15 Patient Orientation in Frame Macro.............................................376
C.7.6.16.2.16 Frame Display Shutter .................................................................376
C.7.6.16.2.17 Respiratory Synchronization Macro.............................................377
C.7.6.16.2.17.1 Relationship of Respiratory Timing Attributes....................378
C.7.6.16.2.18 Irradiation Event Identification Macro ..........................................380
C.7.6.17 Multi-frame Dimension Module..............................................................................381
C.7.6.17.1 Dimension Indices................................................................................383
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C.7.6.17.2
Dimension Organization UID ...............................................................385
C.7.6.18 Physiological Synchronization................................................................................387
C.7.6.18.1 Cardiac Synchronization Module .........................................................387
C.7.6.18.1.1.. Attribute Descriptions...................................................................390
C.7.6.18.1.1.1 Cardiac Framing Type .......................................................390
Cardiac Framing Type (0018,1064) is the mechanism used to select the data acquired to
construct the frames within a specified cardiac timing interval.C.7.6.18.2
Respiratory
Synchronization Module 390
C.7.6.18.3 Bulk Motion Synchronization Module...................................................392
C.7.6.19 Supplemental Palette Color Lookup Table Module ...............................................393
C.7.6.20 Patient Orientation Module ....................................................................................393
C.7.6.21 Image – Equipment Coordinate Relationship Module ...........................................393
C.7.6.21.1 Image to Equipment Mapping Matrix ...................................................394
C.7.7 Patient Summary Module ................................................................................................394
C.7.8 Study Content Module .....................................................................................................394
C.7.9 Palette Color Lookup Table Module ................................................................................395
C.7.9.1 Palette Color Lookup Table UID ............................................................................396
C.7.9.2 Segmented Palette Color Lookup Table Data .......................................................396
C.7.9.2.1 Discrete Segment Type .........................................................................396
C.7.9.2.2 Linear Segment Type.............................................................................397
C.7.9.2.3 Indirect Segment Type...........................................................................397
C.8 MODALITY SPECIFIC MODULES ........................................................................................398
C.8.1 Computed Radiography Modules ....................................................................................398
C.8.1.1 CR Series Module..................................................................................................398
C.8.1.2 CR Image Module..................................................................................................398
C.8.2 CT Modules .....................................................................................................................401
C.8.2.1 CT Image Module ..................................................................................................401
C.8.2.1.1 CT Image Attribute Descriptions............................................................404
C.8.2.1.1.1 Image Type...................................................................................404
C.8.2.1.1.2 Samples Per Pixel ........................................................................404
C.8.2.1.1.3 Photometric Interpretation ............................................................405
C.8.2.1.1.4 Bits Allocated................................................................................405
C.8.2.1.1.5 Bits Stored....................................................................................405
C.8.2.1.1.6 High Bit.........................................................................................405
C.8.2.1.1.7 Calcium Scoring Mass Factor Patient and Calcium Scoring Mass
Factor Device 405
C.8.3 MR Modules ....................................................................................................................406
C.8.3.1 MR Image Module .................................................................................................406
C.8.3.1.1 MR Image Attribute Descriptions ...........................................................409
C.8.3.1.1.1 Image Type...................................................................................409
C.8.3.1.1.2 Samples Per Pixel ........................................................................409
C.8.3.1.1.3 Photometric Interpretation ............................................................409
C.8.3.1.1.4 Bits Allocated................................................................................410
C.8.4 Nuclear Medicine Modules ..............................................................................................411
C.8.4.1 NM Series Module (Retired) ..................................................................................411
C.8.4.2 NM Equipment Module (Retired) ...........................................................................411
C.8.4.3 NM Image Module (Retired) ..................................................................................411
C.8.4.4 NM SPECT Acquisition Image Module (Retired)...................................................411
C.8.4.5 NM Multi-gated Acquisition Image Module (Retired) .............................................411
C.8.4.6 NM/PET Patient Orientation Module......................................................................412
C.8.4.6.1 NM/PET Patient Orientation Attribute Descriptions ...............................412
C.8.4.6.1.1 Patient Orientation Code Sequence.............................................412
C.8.4.6.1.2 Patient Orientation Modifier Code Sequence ...............................412
C.8.4.6.1.3 Patient Gantry Relationship Code Sequence ...............................413
C.8.4.7 NM Image Pixel Module.........................................................................................413
C.8.4.7.1 NM Image Pixel Attribute Descriptions ..................................................413
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C.8.4.7.1.1
Photometric Interpretation ............................................................413
C.8.4.8 NM Multi-frame Module .........................................................................................413
C.8.4.8.1 NM Multi-Frame Attribute Descriptions ..................................................416
C.8.4.8.1.1 Frame Increment Pointer..............................................................416
C.8.4.8.1.2 Number of Energy Windows and Energy Window Vector............417
C.8.4.8.1.3 Number of Detectors and Detector Vector ...................................417
C.8.4.8.1.4 Number of Phases and Phase Vector..........................................418
C.8.4.8.1.5 Number of Rotations and Rotation Vector....................................418
C.8.4.8.1.6 Number of R-R Intervals and R-R Interval Vector........................418
C.8.4.8.1.7 Number of Time Slots and Time Slot Vector................................418
C.8.4.8.1.8 Number of Slices and Slice Vector...............................................419
C.8.4.8.1.9 Angular View Vector.....................................................................419
C.8.4.8.1.10.. Time Slice Vector ........................................................................419
C.8.4.9 NM Image Module .................................................................................................420
C.8.4.9.1 NM Image Module Attribute Descriptions ..............................................422
C.8.4.9.1.1 Image Type...................................................................................422
C.8.4.9.1.2 Counts Accumulated ....................................................................422
C.8.4.9.1.3 Acquisition Termination Condition................................................422
C.8.4.9.1.4 Actual Frame Duration .................................................................423
C.8.4.10 NM Isotope Module................................................................................................423
C.8.4.10.1 NM Isotope Module Attribute Descriptions...........................................425
C.8.4.10.1.1.. Energy Window Lower Limit ........................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.2.. Energy Window Upper Limit ........................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.3.. (Retired).......................................................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.4.. (Retired).......................................................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.5.. Radiopharmaceutical Start Time .................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.6.. Radiopharmaceutical Stop Time .................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.7.. Radionuclide Total Dose..............................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.8.. Syringe Counts ............................................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.9.. Residual Syringe Counts .............................................................425
C.8.4.10.1.10 (Retired).......................................................................................426
C.8.4.10.1.11 (Retired).......................................................................................426
C.8.4.11 NM Detector Module..............................................................................................426
C.8.4.11.1 NM Detector Attribute Descriptions......................................................428
C.8.4.11.1.1.. Focal Distance.............................................................................428
C.8.4.11.1.2.. Focus Center ...............................................................................428
C.8.4.11.1.3.. Zoom Center................................................................................428
C.8.4.11.1.4.. Zoom Factor ................................................................................428
C.8.4.11.1.5.. Center of Rotation Offset.............................................................428
C.8.4.11.1.6.. Gantry/Detector Tilt......................................................................429
C.8.4.12 NM TOMO Acquisition Module ..............................................................................429
C.8.4.12.1 NM TOMO Acquisition Attribute Descriptions......................................430
C.8.4.12.1.1.. Angular Step ................................................................................430
C.8.4.13 NM Multi-gated Acquisition Module .......................................................................430
C.8.4.13.1 NM Multi-gated Acquisition Attribute Descriptions ...............................432
C.8.4.13.1.1.. Data Information Sequence.........................................................432
C.8.4.13.1.2.. Time Slot Time ............................................................................432
C.8.4.14 NM Phase Module .................................................................................................432
C.8.4.14.1 NM Phase Module Attributes Description ............................................433
C.8.4.14.1.1.. Trigger Vector..............................................................................433
C.8.4.15 NM Reconstruction Module ...................................................................................433
C.8.5 Ultrasound Modules.........................................................................................................435
C.8.5.1 US Frame of Reference Module (Retired).............................................................435
C.8.5.2 US Region Calibration (Retired) ............................................................................435
C.8.5.3 US Image Module (Retired)...................................................................................435
C.8.5.4 US Frame of Reference Module............................................................................435
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