低RCS微带贴片天线：FSS与微带谐振器的应用

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本文是一篇研究论文，标题为"使用频率选择表面和微带谐振器的低RCS微带贴片天线"，发表在2015年的IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS第14卷。作者是Ying Liu、Yuwen Hao、Hui Wang、Kun Li和Shuxi Gong。研究的焦点在于设计一种具有低雷达截面积(RCS)的微带贴片天线，通过结合频率选择表面(Frequency-Selective Surface, FSS)和微带谐振器技术。设计的关键在于将FSS应用于天线的地基，取代传统的实心金属地。这种方法能够有效地实现工作频带之外的RCS减小，减少对周围电磁环境的干扰。而在工作频带内，通过加载微带谐振器，进一步提升了RCS的控制能力。该设计在3-10 GHz的频段内实现了显著的RCS降低，与参考天线相比，在工作带内和工作带外的RCS分别降低了13 dB和17 dB，表现出优秀的性能优化。模拟结果与实际测量数据高度吻合，证实了设计的有效性。此外，尽管采用了减小RCS的技术，但该新型天线的辐射性能保持了与参考天线相当的水平，确保了通信信号的质量。因此，这项研究对于提高无线通信设备的隐蔽性和抗干扰能力具有重要意义，可能在军事、雷达系统以及无线通信设备中有广泛应用潜力。本论文的主要知识点包括：频率选择表面的设计原理，其在微带天线中的应用策略，微带谐振器的负载机制，以及如何通过这些技术来优化天线的RCS特性。同时，文中还涉及到了电磁兼容性和辐射性能的评估方法，这些都是当前微波电路设计和天线工程领域的热点问题。通过阅读这篇论文，读者可以深入了解如何利用先进的结构设计提升天线性能，以满足现代通信系统对小型化、高效和隐秘性的需求。

1290 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 14, 2015

Low RCS Microstrip Patch Antenna Using

Frequency-Selective Surface and

Microstrip Resonator

Ying Liu, Member, IEEE, Yuwen Hao, Hui Wang, Kun Li, and Shuxi Gong

Abstract—A low radar cross section (RCS) microstrip antenna

is proposed and investigated in this letter. This design is based

on implementation of frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) and mi-

crostrip resonators. By using the FSS ground instead of the solid

metal ground, out-of-band RCS reduction can be realized. More-

over, in-band RCS reduction can be obtained by loading microstrip

resonators. Signiﬁcant RCS reduction has been accomplished in

the frequency ranges of 3-10 GHz. Compared with the reference

antenna, the simulation results show that RCS reduction of the

proposed antenna in and out of the operation band is as much as

13 and 17 dB, respectively. Measured results satisfactorily agree

with the simulated ones. Radiation performance of the proposed

antenna is preserved compared with the reference antenna.

Index Terms—Frequency-selective surface (FSS), microstrip

patch antenna, microstrip resonator, radar cross s

ection (RCS)

reduction.

I. INTRODUCTION

ONSIDERABLE research interest in radar cross section

(RCS) reduction has been triggered by the development

of the modern stealth technology. For

a low observable plat-

form, the antenna scattering signature acts as one of the main

contributors to total RCS. Thus, research on RCS reduction for

antennas is extremely meanin

gful and urgent [1]. Many methods

have been proposed to reduce the RCS of speciﬁc objects during

the past decades. Nevertheless, not all conventional techniques

of RCS reduction are suita

ble for antennas. What is worse, some

techniques are effective for reducing the RCS signature for an

antenna, while they may also degrade the antenna’s radiation

characteristics.

Therefore, such strategies cannot be used to re-

duce the RCS of an antenna. To overcome this drawback, var-

ious approaches have been introduced to reduce the RCS of the

special scatte

ring target.

Over the past decades, many novel techniques have been pro-

posed to obtain RCS reduction, such as shaping of targets, using

Manuscript received October 10, 2014; revised December 21, 2014 and Feb-

ruary 04, 2015; accepted February 07, 2015. Date of publication February 10,

2015; date of current version June 02, 2015. This work was supported in part

by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under Grant

NCET-11-0690, the Fundamental Research funds for the Central Universities

under Grant K5051202049, and the National Natural Science Foundation of

China under Grant 61372001.

The authors are with the National Key Laboratory of Antennas and Mi-

crowave Technology, Xidian University, Xidian 710071, China (e-mail:

liuying@mail.xidian.edu.cn).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this letter are available online

at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/LAWP.2015.2402292

radar-absorbing materials (RAM) [2], and application of bionics

principle [3]. By subtracting metal areas, RCS reduction can be

achieved [4], [5]. In [6], a novel metamaterial composed of a

double-square-loop structure is applied for RCS reduction. Nev-

ertheless, that approach cannotbeusedinmanyapplications

because of its narrow operating band. Furthermore, electromag-

netic band gap (EBG) structures are widely employed to reduce

RCS. In [7], EBG structures loaded with lumped resistances are

utilized to obtain in-band RCS reduction. On the other hand,

mushroom-like electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures are

utilized to achieve out-of-band RCS reduction [8], [9]. More-

over, out-of-band RCS reduction can also be realized by loading

FSSs [10].

In this letter, a compact FSS is designed to replace the solid

metal ground for the purpose of the out-of-band RCS reduction.

In addition, two microstrip resonators are designed and opti-

mized to obtain in-band RCS reduction. Furthermore, a better

RCS reduction can be realized by cutting slots on the metal

ground. To verify the reliability and superior performance of the

proposed method, both of the reference and proposed antenna

prototypes are fabricated and tested. All simulation work is ac-

complished by using Ansoft’s High Frequency Solution Solver

(HFSS) software. In Section II, microstrip resonators and com-

pact FSS cells are introduced and designed. Comparisons of two

antennas’ performance are presented in Section III.

II. D

ESIGN OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA

A. M icrostrip Resonators

In [11], a simple and meaningful theory based on the cavity

model is introduced to analyze the behavior of microstrip res-

onators. With proper

design, microstrip resonators can operate

at the same frequency as the so-called microstrip antennas. Fur-

thermore, a microstrip antenna can be used as a resonant cavity.

In other words,

it has the ability to store electromagnetic en-

ergy of an irradiated plane wave. Based on this characteristic,

the microstrip resonators have the potential for in-band RCS re-

duction. To

achieve the goal of in-band RCS reduction by using

microstrip resonators, the size of the microstrip resonators and

square-microstrip antenna should be the same. Due to the asym-

metric

structure of the antenna and the effect of the patch on the

microstrip resonators, w, w1, and w2 have different values. In

Fig. 1, geometries of the antenna with and without microstrip

res

onators are provided. For comparisons, the reference antenna

operating at 5 GHz is designed. For a microstrip antenna, a too

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