iPhone开发指南：接口详解与使用

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"Iphone接口详细说明 - 这是一份关于iPhone开发中接口使用的详细指南，主要针对网络应用的开发，涵盖了用户体验设计的指导原则。" 在iPhone开发中，理解并熟练使用各种接口是至关重要的。这份文档《iPhone Human Interface Guidelines for Web Applications》是苹果公司发布的一份官方指南，旨在帮助开发者创建与iOS设备用户体验一致的网络应用。文档更新于2010年1月29日，包含了苹果公司的版权信息，并强调了对内容复制和使用的限制条件。用户体验(User Experience, UX)是苹果iOS平台的核心，因此在开发过程中遵循这些接口指南可以确保应用程序提供高质量、直观且一致的交互体验。文档详细阐述了如何设计和实现符合iPhone界面规范的元素，如按钮、滑块、标签页、导航栏等，以及如何有效地利用屏幕空间，使用户能轻松地导航和操作应用。在接口部分，开发者会了解到如何使用不同的API（Application Programming Interface）进行网络通信，如使用NSURLSession或NSURLConnection进行数据请求，处理JSON或XML响应，以及如何使用URL Scheme来实现应用间的深度链接。此外，文档可能还会涵盖错误处理、性能优化、离线数据存储等方面的接口使用方法。苹果还强调了商标使用的规定，例如，未经许可，不应在商业用途中使用特定的苹果标志，如“键盘”苹果标志（Option-Shift-K），否则可能构成商标侵权。同时，文档明确指出，虽然提供了技术描述，但并不授予任何技术的明示或暗示许可，所有知识产权仍归苹果公司所有。这份文档对于那些致力于构建高质量、原生感的iPhone网络应用的开发者来说，是一个宝贵的资源，它提供了一套完整的接口使用和用户体验设计的指南，帮助开发者遵循苹果的平台规范，创建出优秀的iOS应用。

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Apple’s iPhone introduces a revolutionary platform for your web content. With an innovative user interaction

model and exceptional interoperability, iPhone offers significant new opportunities and a few unique

challenges to web content developers.

The goal of this chapter is to orient you to the iPhone platform and properly set your web-development

expectations. To do this, this chapter describes how the environment in which users use iPhone, combined

with iPhone features and infrastructure, influences your design decisions.

It’s a Browser-Based World

Obviously, users use and perceive iPhone very differently than they do a desktop or even a laptop computer.

This may seem like an unnecessary statement, but it is an observation that is crucial to keep in mind as you

create content for iPhone, especially if you’re an experienced application developer. This is because you may

have to work to shift your perspective away from a computer-centric world view, even if your expertise lies

in web content creation. It’s essential to keep in mind, for example, that instead of the layered windows,

desktop, mouse, and file system with which you’re familiar, iPhone has a small, fixed screen size, a browser

interface supplied by Safari on iPhone, a touch-based input system, and no accessible file system.

Regardless of these differences in platform, however, your main goal as a web content developer is the same:

to capture users’ imagination and earn their loyalty with a solution that is functional, focused, and enjoyable

to use.

iPhone users are accepting of, and even anticipating, an experience different from the one they are accustomed

to on a desktop computer, a laptop, or even a mobile phone. Although this affords you a certain latitude for

experimentation, be aware that iPhone users are likely to be even less tolerant of sluggish performance and

a complicated user interface than they are when it comes to software running in a computer. In addition,

users quickly become accustomed to the elegant, functional, and streamlined user interface of the built-in

applications and features, which sets a standard by which they’re apt to judge other content.

There are, of course, similarities between the computer and iPhone environments, too. The most notable

similarity, from the perspective of user experience and the user interface, is that most of the characteristics

that define great computer applications also define great iPhone webpages and applications, whether built-in

or external. Qualities such as responsiveness, simplicity, ease of use, and consistency are at least as important

in iPhone content as they are in computer applications. To learn more about these qualities and how to build

them into your web content, see “Principles and Guidelines for Creating Great iPhone Content” (page 21).

Other similarities are evident at the content implementation level. Accepted best practices for website design

and implementation are wholly applicable to iPhone content design and implementation (for an overview

of these guidelines, see “Creating Compatible Web Content”). If you’re in the habit of following web design

best practices when you target desktop browsers, you’re well on your way to creating content that displays

well on iPhone. Following the user experience and user interface guidelines in the rest of this document will

help you build on that expertise so you can create best-in-class iPhone content.

It’s a Browser-Based World 9

CHAPTER 1

iPhone and the User’s Environment

Ultimately, iPhone users may determine additional qualities that characterize the most successful iPhone

products. As iPhone content evolves and you discover new ways to provide functionality to users, new best

practices will emerge.

iPhone and Its Place in the User’s World

Almost by definition, users use iPhone while they are mobile. Whether they’re in a car or a train, sitting in a

cafe or on a park bench, taking a walk, shopping, or waiting for an appointment, users use iPhone in

environments that are likely to be filled with distractions. This does not mean that your iPhone solution can’t

or shouldn’t perform important tasks that require users to concentrate. But it does mean that you must be

prepared for the probability that users will not be giving their undivided attention to your content, at least

not for long.

Above all, therefore, your iPhone content must be quick and extremely easy to use. You need to grab the

user’s attention immediately and help them access the most valuable parts of your content quickly.

Users not only use iPhone differently, they also feel differently about it. For example, users have a much more

personal relationship with iPhone than they have with their computer and this influences which user experience

characteristics are most important. One aspect of this bond is the fact that iPhone is a small device that can

accompany users wherever they go. This view encourages the development of a broad range of products

that provide quick, easy access to things users need and want no matter where they are, such as shopping

lists, movie reviews, maps and directions, email, and games.

The user interaction model also informs content design. Because there is no external physical device that

comes between the user and iPhone, the user interface of iPhone content must be especially streamlined

and inviting.

iPhone as Web Platform

Although iPhone combines camera, phone, iPod, and email functionality, as far as your web content is

concerned iPhone is a mobile web platform on which users view your webpage or use your web application.

How users access web content, using iPhone network connectivity, browser capabilities, and the view screen,

has a significant impact on both the behavior of your web content and users’ perception of it.

The following sections briefly describe these parts of the iPhone web infrastructure, emphasizing how each

part influences the design of your web content. For details on how to implement your webpage or web

application to work well with this infrastructure, see Safari Web Content Guide.

Network Connectivity

iPhone connects to either an available Wi-Fi network or to a cellular network. As users move about, iPhone

automatically switches to the service currently available to provide the fastest possible connection speed.

As you design your web content, you should keep the adaptable connectivity of iPhone in mind. You can’t

predict what connection speeds users have at a given moment or know when iPhone switches from one

network to another, so your content should be designed to work well at any connection speed. And when

iPhone and Its Place in the User’s World

CHAPTER 1

iPhone and the User’s Environment

you optimize your content to be responsive at the slowest connection speed, users enjoy even better

performance at higher connection speeds. See “Creating Compatible Web Content” for some specific

optimization techniques you can use to enhance the performance and responsiveness of your iPhone content.

Safari on iPhone

Safari on iPhone provides the interface for browsing web content on iPhone. Although Safari on iPhone is

similar in many ways to Safari on the computer desktop, it is not the same. You need to work within the

feature set Safari on iPhone makes available and provide workarounds if you typically use Safari features

available on the desktop that are unavailable on iPhone. For information on all the differences between Safari

on iPhone and Safari on the desktop and how to accommodate them, see “Creating Compatible Web Content”.

Most Safari on iPhone features influence the implementation of your web content, but some have an impact

on the design of your user interface. The following list describes those features you should keep in mind as

you design the user experience and user interface of your web content.

■ Safari on iPhone supports cookies.

This means that you can use cookies to save the user’s context, preferences, and previously entered data,

which can streamline the user’s interaction with your content by minimizing the amount of information

users must supply.

■ Safari on iPhone does not support Flash or Java (including Java applets) in iPhone content.

In particular, be sure you avoid recommending that users download the latest Flash to their iPhone

because neither Flash nor file downloads are supported by Safari on iPhone. Because of this constraint,

the user interface of your web content should not rely on Flash animation to communicate with users.

■ Safari on iPhone interprets most of the user’s finger movements as targeting the way iPhone displays

your content, not the content itself.

The main exception to this is the tap, which is analogous to a single mouse click, and which can cause

Safari on iPhone to send the onclick event to your webpage. As you design your user interface, keep

in mind that the users should be able to use a tap to access and drive all functionality in your content

(“The iPhone User Interaction Model” (page 13) describes the touch-based interface of iPhone). For more

information on the events Safari on iPhone generates, see “Handling Events”.

Currently, Safari on iPhone does not support third party plug-ins. For a complete list of web technologies

that Safari on iPhone does not support, see “Creating Compatible Web Content”.

The iPhone Viewport

For Safari on iPhone, the viewport is a rectangular area that determines how content is laid out and where

text wraps on a webpage. On the desktop, the viewport is defined by the size of the browser window. Users

resize the viewport on the desktop by resizing the window and they scroll to see more of the webpage, if

necessary. But Safari on iPhone does not have resizable windows, so there are no scroll bars or resize controls.

Figure 1-1 shows how the viewport differs between Safari on iPhone and Safari on the desktop.

iPhone as Web Platform 11

CHAPTER 1

iPhone and the User’s Environment

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