"Z80 汇编语言教程： TI-84 Plus 程序设计指南"

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Z80 Assembly Language Programming is a comprehensive tutorial designed to teach readers how to program in Z80 assembly language on the TI-84 Plus calculator. Written by L. Leventhal, this book covers all aspects of Z80 assembly language programming, from basic concepts to advanced techniques. The book begins with an introduction to the Z80 processor and its instruction set, providing readers with a solid foundation in the fundamentals of assembly language programming. It then delves into topics such as data manipulation, arithmetic operations, branching, looping, and input/output. One of the key features of the book is its hands-on approach to learning. Throughout the chapters, readers are presented with numerous examples and exercises that they can follow along with on their TI-84 Plus calculators. This practical approach helps reinforce the concepts discussed in the text and allows readers to see firsthand how to apply them in real-world programming situations. In addition to the technical aspects of programming, Z80 Assembly Language Programming also covers best practices for writing clean and efficient code. Readers learn about optimization techniques, code organization, and debugging strategies that can help them write better programs and improve their overall programming skills. Overall, Z80 Assembly Language Programming is a valuable resource for both beginners and experienced programmers looking to learn Z80 assembly language programming on the TI-84 Plus calculator. With its clear explanations, practical examples, and insightful tips, this book is sure to help readers master the art of programming in assembly language and take their coding skills to the next level.

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING

This book describes assembly language programming.

assumes that

you

are

familiar

with

An Introduction To

Microcom~uters:

Volume 1 - Basic

Conce~ts

(particularly Chapters 6

and

71.

This book does not discuss the general features of

computers, microcomputers, addressing methods,

instruction sets;

you

should

refer to An Introduction To Microcomputers: Volume 1 for that information.

HOW

THIS BOOK HAS

BEEN

PRINTED

Notice that

text

this book

has

been printed in boldface type

and

lightface type.

This

has

been done to help

you

skip those parts of the book that cover subject

matter

with

which you are familiar.

You

can

be sure that lightface type only ex-

pands

information presented

the previous boldface type. Therefore, only

read

boldface type until you reach a subject about which you

want

to know

more,

at which

POint

start reading the lightface type.

THE

MEANING

INSTRUCTIONS

The instruction set of a microprocessor

the

set

of binary inputs which produce

defined actions during

instruction cycle. An instruction set

to a microprocessor

what a function table

to a

logiC

device such

a gate, adder. or shift register. Of

course, the actions that the microprocessor performs

response to the Instruction in-

puts

are

far more complex than the actions that combinatorial logic devices perform

response to their Inputs.

instruction

simply a binary

bit

pattern -

must be BINARY

available at the data inputs to the microprocessor

the INSTRUCTIONS

proper time

order to

interpreted

instruction.

For

ex-

ample. when the Z80 microprocessor receives the 8-bit binary pattern 10000000

the

input dUring

instruction fetch operation, the pattern means:

"Add

the contents of Register B to the contents of the Accumulator"

Similarly, the pattern 00111110 means:

"Load the Accumulator With the contents of the next word of program memory"

The microprocessor

(like any other computer) recognizes only binary patterns

in-

structions or data; it does not recognize words or octal. deCimal. or hexadeCimal num-

bers.

A COMPUTER PROGRAM

A program

a series of instructions that cause a computer to perform a particular

task.

Actually, a computer program Includes more than instructions; It

also contains the data and memory addresses

that

the

microprocessor needs to accomplish the task defined by the in-

1-1

If you choose the hexadecimal loader. you

will

have to pay a price for

It.

The hex-

adeclmalloader

itself a program

which

you must load Into memory. Furthermore. the

hexadecimal loader

will

occupy memory - memory that you may

want

to use in some

other way.

The basIc tradeoff. therefore.

the cost and memory requirements of the hexadecimal

loader versus the savings

programmer time.

A hexadeCimal loader

well worth its small cost.

A hexadecimal loader certainly does not solve every programmIng problem. The hex-

adecimal version of the program

still difficult to

read

or understand; for example.

does not distinguish Instructions from data or addresses. nor does the program listing

provide any suggestion

what

the program

does.

What

does 32 or 47

mean?

Memorizing a card full of codes

hardly

appetizing proposition. Furthermore. the

codes will

entirely different for a different microprocessor. and the program

will

re-

qUire a large amount of documentation.

Table 1-1. Hexadecimal Conversion Table

Hexadecimal

Binary Decimal

Digit Equivalent

Equivalent

0 0000 0

1 0001 1

2 0010 2

0011 3

4 0100 4

0101

0110 6

0111

8 1000

1001

A 1010 10

B 1011

1100

1101

1110 14

F 1111

INSTRUCTION CODE MNEMONICS

obvious programming improvement

assign

a name to each instruction

code. The instruction code name

called a "mnemonic",

memory jogger. The

instruction mnemonic should describe

some

way

what

the instruction

does.

fact. every microprocessor manufacturer (they can't remember PROBLEM

hexadeCimal codes either) provides a set of mnemonics for the WITH

microprocessor instruction

set.

You

not have to abide by the MNEMONICS

manufacturer's mnemonics;

there

nothing sacred about them.

However. they

are

standard for a given microprocessor and therefore understood by all

users.

These

are

the instruction names that you

will

find

manuals. cards. books. arti-

cles. and programs. The problem

with

selecting instruction mnemonics

that not all in-

structions have "obvious" names. Some instructions do have obvious names

(e.g

ADD. AND.

OR),

others have obvious contractions

(e.g

SUB

for subtraction.

XOR

for

exclUSive

OR),

while still others have neither. The result

such mnemonics

WMP.

PCHL.

and even

SOB

(try and guess

what

that means!). Most manufacturers come up

with

mostly reasonable names and a few hopeless

ones.

However. users who devise

their own mnemonics rarely

seem

to do much better than the manufacturer.

1-4

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

PROGRAM

OBJECT

PROGRAM

ASSEMBLER

SOURCE

PROGRAM

Along

with

the instruction mnemonics. the manufacturer

will

usually assign names to

the

CPU

registers.

with

the instruction names. some register names are obvious

(e.g

A for Accumulator) while others may have only historical significance. Again. we will

use

the manufacturer's suggestions simply

promote standardization.

r----..,

use standard

zao

instruction

and

defined by Zilog. our

zao

addition program becomes:

A.(60H)

B.A

A.(61H)

ADD

A.B

(62Hl.A

The program

still far from obvIous.

but

at least some parts are comprehensible.

ADD

A.B

a considerable Improvement over 80:

does suggest loading data into a

assembly language program.

THE ASSEMBLER PROGRAM

How

we get the assembly language program into the com-

puter?

have

translate

It.

either into hexadecimal or into bin-

ary numbers.

You

can

translate

assembly language program

by hand. instruction by instruction. This

called hand assembly.

Hand assembly of the addition program's instruction codes may

illustrated

follows:

Instruction Name

Hexadecimal Equivalent

A.(NNl

B.A 47

ADD

A.B 80

(NNl.A

in the case of hexadecimal to binary conversion. hand assembly

a rote task

which

uninteresting. repetitive. and sublect to numerous minor errors. Picking the wrong

line. transposing digits.

omitting instructions. and misreading the codes are only a few

of the mistakes

that

you may make. Most microprocessors complicate the task even

further by haVing instructions With different word lengths. Some instructions are one

word long while others are

two

or three words long. Some instructions require data in

the second and third words: others require memory addresses. register numbers. or

who

knows what?

Assembly

another rote task that

can assign

the

microcomputer.

The

microcomputer

never

makes

any

mistakes when translating codes;

always knows

how

many

words

and

what

format each instruction requires. The program

that does this job

called

"assembler". The assembler

program translates a user program.

"source" program

writ-

ten

with

mnemonics. into a machine language program, or

"object"

program. which the microcomputer can execute. The

assembler's input

a source program and its output

object program.

The tradeoffs

discussed

connection

with

the hexadecimal loader are mag-

nified

the case of the assembler. Assemblers are more expensive. occupy more

memory. and require more peripherals and execution time than do hexadecimal

loaders.

While

users may

(and

often dol write their own loaders. few care to write their

own assemblers.

1-5

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