Python入门指南：MicroPython在物联网开发中的应用

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"《MicroPython for the Internet of Things》是一本面向初学者的指南，旨在教授如何在微控制器上使用Python进行编程。这本书由Charles Bell撰写，旨在帮助读者打破C类语言的壁垒，使设备编程变得更加简单快捷。作为经典的Python教材，它提供了一种易懂且直观的方法，让读者能够在物联网（IoT）领域探索Python的应用。本书涵盖了MicroPython的基础概念，包括但不限于Python语言的语法、数据类型、控制结构、函数和模块，以及如何利用MicroPython在嵌入式系统中实现传感器读取、网络通信、数据处理和设备控制。作者通过清晰的文字阐述，配合详细的示例和实用项目，帮助读者逐步建立起对MicroPython编程的理解和实践经验。书中的目录设计便于读者查找特定主题，从入门章节到进阶内容，包括物联网设备的硬件配置、Wi-Fi连接、蓝牙通信、以及如何与云平台集成，确保了学习过程的循序渐进。此外，该书还提供了ISBN-13的纸质版和电子版，以及相关的DOI（数字对象唯一标识符），便于读者获取和分享。版权方面，所有权利归Charles Bell所有，包括翻译、复制、再版、重印、朗读、广播、微缩胶片复制、物理或电子形式的传输，以及通过现有或未来开发的相似或类似方法进行的信息存储和检索。书中提及的商标名称、标志和图像均受法律保护。《MicroPython for the Internet of Things》是一本实用的教程，适合那些希望将Python技能应用于物联网项目的开发者，无论是初学者还是希望扩展技能的专业人士，都能从中获益匪浅。通过阅读和实践书中的内容，读者不仅能掌握MicroPython，还能更好地理解如何利用Python进行设备编程，推动智能设备的发展与创新。"

xix

Introduction

Internet of Things (IOT) solutions are not nearly as complicated as the name may seem

to indicate. Indeed, the IOT is largely another name for what we have already been doing.

You may have heard of “connected devices” or “Internet-ready” or even “cloud-enabled.”

All of these refer to the same thing — be it a single device such as a toaster or a plant

monitor or a complex, multidevice product like home automation solutions. They all

share one thing in common: they can be accessed via the Internet to either display data

or interact with the devices directly. The trick is applying knowledge of technologies

to leverage them to the best advantages for your IOT solution. In this book, we explore

how to build IOT solutions using an easy-to-understand programming language named

MicroPython running on small, dedicated microcontroller boards.

Intended Audience

I wrote this book to share my passion for Python and IOT solutions. I especially wanted

to show how anyone can program their own IOT solutions in Python using MicroPython

on small microcontroller boards. The intended audience therefore includes anyone

interested in learning how to build IOT solutions, hobbyists, and enthusiasts who don’t

want to spend a lot of time learning a complicated programming language to control

hardware through software in IOT solutions.

How This Book Is Structured

The book was written to guide the reader from a general knowledge of microcontrollers

and MicroPython to expertise in developing MicroPython solutions for the IOT. The

first several chapters cover general topics including a short introduction to the Internet

of Things, what microcontroller boards are available as well as how MicroPython

works. Later chapters present a tutorial on programming in MicroPython as well as an

introduction to electronics. This is followed by four projects that you can implement to

learn how to build MicroPython IOT solutions. Throughout the book are examples of how

to implement many of the concepts presented. The following is a brief overview of each

chapter included in this book.

• Chapter 1, “What Is the Internet of Things?”: This chapter

presents and answers the questions of what the IOT is and how

IOT solutions are constructed. You are introduced to some

terminology to describe the architecture of IOT solutions as well

as some examples of well-known IOT solutions. The chapter

concludes with a demonstration of MicroPython.

■ IntroduCtIon

• Chapter 2, “Introducing MicroPython”: This chapter presents an

overview of what MicroPython is and how you can get started

using MicroPython boards.

• Chapter 3, “MicroPython Hardware”: This chapter discusses

some of the hardware available for MicroPython including

the micropython.org (Pyboard) and Pycomm (WiPy) line of

microcontroller boards and several other alternative boards.

The chapter also presents some of the accessories available for

each board.

• Chapter 4, “How to Program in MicroPython”: This chapter

presents a tutorial on learning to program in MicroPython. It

covers all of the basics of the language you need to get started

writing your own MicroPython scripts.

• Chapter 5, “MicroPython Libraries”: This chapter presents an

overview of the various MicroPython libraries available for use

in your scripts. It includes many examples of how to get started

using the libraries to interface with hardware.

• Chapter 6, “Low-Level Hardware Support”: This chapter presents

an overview of the low-level hardware abstractions available for

the Pyboard and WiPy ports of MicroPython. The differences of

the libraries are presented along with several complete examples

to demonstrate the functionality.

• Chapter 7, “Electronics for Beginners”: This chapter presents

a short introduction to electronics including the types of

components you will be using in the book along with a list of

recommended tools. The chapter concludes with a survey of the

types of sensors available for IOT solutions.

• Chapter 8, “Project 1: Hello, World! MicroPython Style”: This

chapter presents a hands-on project to help get you started

programming hardware and building MicroPython solutions. The

project is a clock programmed in MicroPython using a real-time-

clock (RTC) module.

• Chapter 9, “Project 2: Stoplight Simulator”: This chapter

presents another hands-on project that interfaces with LEDs

and buttons to build a pedestrian stoplight simulation. The

project also demonstrates how to control your hardware

remotely via a web page.

• Chapter 10, “Project 3: Plant Monitoring”: This chapter presents

a more complex hands-on project that demonstrates how to

generate sensor data and view it over the Internet. The project

is a plant monitoring solution that you can expand from one to

many plants.

■ IntroduCtIon

xxi

• Chapter 11, “Project 4: Using Weather Sensors”: This chapter

presents the last hands-on project that combines all that you have

learned in the book to build a working IOT solution. The project is

a small weather sensor node that uses the new Adafruit IO cloud

services to store and visualize the data.

• Chapter 12, “Where to Go from Here”: This chapter concludes

the tour of MicroPython IOT solutions with suggestions for more

projects to explore and where to go to find new project ideas

including where to look to find answers to questions or problems

you may encounter when developing your own MicroPython

IOT projects. The chapter also discusses how you can join the

community of IOT, MicroPython, and electronics enthusiasts by

becoming a Maker.

How to Use This Book

This book is designed to guide you through learning more about what the Internet of

Things is, discovering the power of MicroPython, and seeing how to build your own IOT

solutions.

If you already have your own MicroPython board and are familiar with some of

the topics early in the book, I recommend you skim them so that you are familiar with

the context presented so that the later chapters, especially the examples, are easy to

understand and implement on your own. You may also want to read some of the chapters

out of order so that you can get your project moving, but I recommend going back to the

chapters you skip to ensure you getall of the data presented.

If you are just getting started with MicroPython and microcontrollers, I recommend

reading the book in its entirety before developing your own IOT solutions. That said,

many of the examples presented in the early chapters are building blocks for what follows

in the project chapters.

Downloading the Code

The code for the examples shown in this book is available on the Apress web site,

www.apress.com. You can find a link on the book’s information page on the Source

Code/Downloads tab. This tab is located in the Related Titles section of the page.

Contacting the Author

Should you have any questions or comments — or even spot a mistake you think I should

know about — you can contact the author at drcharlesbell@gmail.com.

C. Bell, MicroPython for the Internet of Things, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3123-4_1

CHAPTER 1

What Is the Internet of

Things?

If you’ve been watching the technology world lately, chances are you have encountered

numerous mentions of the term, the Internet of Things. Most media references and

company advertisements label this or that as the Internet of Things but with little or no

explanation about what it means. Even when you do find some depth of what it means,

the text tends to focus on either the problems and challenges, or they focus on the

promise of making our lives better in the future. Some suggest the Internet of Things will

bring about the inevitable evolution of our society as we become more connected to the

world around us every day.

However, you need not dive into such heady concepts or recite rhetoric to get

started with the Internet of Things. In fact, through the efforts of many open source

developers and vendors, you can explore the Internet of Things without intensive training

or expensive hardware and software. Best of all, you can explore the Internet of Things

without learning a lot about programming or spending months learning how to code!

This book is intended to be a guide to help you understand the Internet of Things and

to begin building solutions that you can use to learn more about the Internet of Things.

Since this is a beginner’s book, we will start by examining the programming language

and environment followed by a detailed look at the hardware. We will also learn the basic

knowledge of electronics and then explore several projects to help us understand how

to work with the software. The final project will bring all the aspects together to help

understand what the Internet of Things is, and even how to write custom software for

building solutions for the Internet of Things. Best of all, we do so using one of the easiest to

use programming languages and easy to use open source microcontroller boards.

So, what is this Internet of Things, hence IOT?

Let’s begin by explaining what it isn’t.

The IOT is not a new device or proprietary software or some new piece of hardware, nor

is it a new marketing scheme to sell you more of what you already have by renaming it

and pronouncing it “new and improved.”

While it is true the IOT employs technology

and techniques that already exist, the way they are employed, coupled with the ability

to access the solution from anywhere in the world, makes the IOT an exciting concept to

explore. Now let’s discuss what the IOT is.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

For example, everything seems to be cloud-this, cloud-that when nothing was changed.

Chapter 1 ■ What Is the Internet of thIngs?

The essence of the IOT is simply interconnected devices that generate and exchange

data from observations, facts, and other data making it available to anyone. While there

seems to be some marketing efforts attempting to make anything connected to the

Internet an IOT solution or device – not unlike the shameless labeling of everything ‘cloud’,

IOT solutions are designed to make our knowledge of the world around us more timely

and relevant by making it possible to get data about anything from anywhere at any time.

As you can imagine, if we were to connect every device around us to the Internet and

make sensory data available for those devices, it is clear there is potential for the number

of IOT devices to exceed the human population of the planet and for the data generated

to rapidly exceed the capabilities of all but the most sophisticated database systems.

These concepts are commonly known as addressability and big data and are two of the

most active and debated topics in IOT.

However, the IOT is all about understanding the world around us. That is, we can

leverage the data to make our world and our understanding of it better.

The Internet of Things and You

How do we observe the world around us? The human body is a marvel of ingenious

sensory apparatus that allows us to see, hear, taste, and even feel through touch anything

we encounter. Even our brains can store visual and auditory events recalling them at

will. IOT solutions mimic many of these sensory capabilities and therefore can become

an extension of our own abilities. While that may sound a bit grandiose (and it is), IOT

solutions can record observations in the form of data from one or more sensors and make

them available for viewing by anyone anywhere via the Internet.

Sensors are devices that produce either analog or digital values. We can then use the

data collected to draw conclusions about the subject matter. This could be as simple as

a sensor to detect when a door, window, or mailbox is opened. In the case of a switch on

a mailbox, the knowledge we gain from a simple switch opening or closing (depending

on how it is implemented and interpreted) may be used to predict when incoming mail

has arrived or when outgoing mail has been picked up. I use the term predict because the

sensor (switch) only tells us the door was opened or closed, not that anything was placed

in or removed from the mailbox itself – that would require additional sensors.

A more sophisticated example is using a series of sensors to record atmospheric data

such as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, ambient light, rainfall, etc.,

to monitor the weather that allows us to perform analysis on the data to predict trends in

weather. That is, we can predict within a reasonable certainty that precipitation is in the area.

Now, add the ability to see this data not only in real time (as it occurs), but also

remotely from anywhere in the world, and the solution becomes more than a simple

weather station. It becomes a way to observe the weather about one place from anywhere

in the world. This example may seem to be a bit commonplace since you can tune into

any number of television, web, and radio broadcasts to hear the weather from anywhere

in the world. But consider the implications of building such a solution in your home. Now

you can see data about the weather in your own home!

In the same way, but perhaps on a smaller scale, we can build solutions to monitor

plants to help us understand how often they need water and other nutrients. Or perhaps

we can monitor our pets while we are away at work. Further, we can record data about

wildlife in our area to better understand our effect on nature.

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