深入C++：40个工程难题与编程挑战

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"More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions" 本书《More Exceptional C++》是C++深入研究系列丛书中的一本，主要面向已经有一定C++基础的程序员，旨在通过40个新的工程难题、编程问题及其解决方案，帮助读者提升对C++语言的掌握和应用水平。书中的问题涵盖了许多C++的高级特性和标准库的使用，旨在促进读者在设计和实现高效、健壮的C++代码方面的能力。作者在前言中提到，"More"不仅意味着更多的问题和解决方案，还代表了对C++标准库和泛型编程更深入的探讨。书中假设读者已经具备C++的基础知识，包括类、模板、异常处理等，并且将指导读者如何有效地阅读和利用这些内容。在第6章"Generic Programming and the C++ Standard Library"中，作者详细讨论了C++的泛型编程和标准库的使用。这一章包含多个重要的知识点： 1. Item1：Switching Streams - 关于流（iostreams）的切换，讨论了如何在不同流之间灵活地进行输入输出操作。 2. Item2：Predicates, Part1 - 介绍了remove函数的工作原理，以及它如何与谓词（predicates）结合使用来过滤容器中的元素。 3. Item3：Predicates, Part2 - 讨论了谓词与对象状态的关系，揭示了在编写谓词时考虑对象状态的重要性。 4. Item4：Extensible Templates - 比较了通过继承和traits实现模板扩展的优缺点，帮助读者理解如何创建可扩展的模板设计。 5. Item5：Typename - 解释了typename关键字在模板上下文中的作用，用于解决依赖名称解析的问题。 6. Item6：Containers, Pointers, and Containers That Aren't - 探讨了容器（如vector和deque）、指针以及一些非标准容器的使用场景和选择。 7. Item7：Using 'vector' and 'deque' - 详细讲解了如何有效地使用vector和deque，以及它们在内存管理和性能上的差异。 8. Item8：Using 'set' and 'map' - 分析了set和map容器的用法，以及它们在处理键值对时的效率和特点。 9. Item9：Equivalent Code? - 讨论了看似等价的代码在行为上可能存在的差异，提醒读者注意代码的精确性。 10. Item10：Template Specialization and Overloading - 解释了模板特化和重载之间的区别，以及何时选择使用它们。每一项都包含了具体的解决方案，旨在通过实践性的示例帮助读者掌握这些复杂概念，并能将其应用到实际项目中。通过这本书，读者可以深化对C++语言的理解，学习如何更有效地利用C++标准库，以及如何通过泛型编程解决复杂的设计问题。

More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions

programming and macro magic—and not just as randomized tidbits, but as cohesive Items

showing the interrelationships among all of these parts of modern C++.

5.1 What's 'More?'

More Exceptional C++ continues where Exceptional C++ left off. This book follows in the

tradition of the first: It delivers new material, organized in bite-sized Items and grouped into

themed sections. Readers of the first book will find some familiar section themes, now

including new material, such as exception safety, generic programming, and memory

management techniques. The two books overlap in structure and theme, not in content.

Where else does More Exceptional C++ differ? This book has a much stronger emphasis on

generic programming and on using the C++ standard library effectively, including coverage

of important techniques such as traits and predicates. Several Items provide in-depth looks

at considerations to keep in mind when using the standard containers and algorithms; many

of these considerations I've not seen covered elsewhere. There's a new section and two

appendixes that focus on optimization in single- and multithreaded environments—issues

that are now more than ever of practical consequence for development shops writing

production code.

Versions of most Items originally appeared in Internet and magazine columns, particularly

as Guru of the Week [GotW(See 15.)] issues #31 to 62, and as print columns and articles

I've written for C/C++ Users Journal, Dr. Dobb's Journal, the former C++ Report, and other

publications. The material in this book has been significantly revised, expanded, corrected,

and updated since those initial versions, and this book (along with its de rigueur errata list

available at www.gotw.ca) should be treated as the current and authoritative version of that

original material.

5.2 What I Assume You Know

I expect that you already know the basics of C++. If you don't, start with a good C++

introduction and overview. Good choices are a classic tome like Bjarne Stroustrup's The C++

Programming Language [Stroustrup00(See 15.)], or Stan Lippman and Josée Lajoie's C++

Primer, Third Edition [Lippman98(See 15.)]. Next, be sure to pick up a style guide such as

Scott Meyers' classic Effective C++ books [Meyers96(See 15.)] [Meyers97(See 15.)]. I find

the browser-based CD version [Meyers99(See 15.)] convenient and useful.

5.3 How to Read This Book

Each Item in this book is presented as a puzzle or problem, with an introductory header that

resembles the following:

More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions

Item #: The Topic of This Puzzle

Difficulty: X

The topic tag and difficulty rating gives you a hint of what you're in for. Note that the

difficulty rating is my subjective guess at how difficult I expect most people will find each

problem, so you may well find that a "7" problem is easier for you than some "5" problem.

Since writing Exceptional C++, I've regularly received e-mail saying that "Item #N is easier

(or harder) than that!" It's common for different people to vote "easier!" and "harder!" for

the same Item. Ratings are personal; any Item's actual difficulty for you really depends on

your knowledge and experience and could be easier or harder for someone else. In most

cases, though, you should find the rating to be a good rule-of-thumb guide to what to

expect.

You might choose to read the whole book front to back; that's great, but you don't have to.

You might decide to read all the Items in a section together because you're particularly

interested in that section's topic; that's cool, too. Except where there are what I call a

"miniseries" of related problems which you'll see designated as "Part 1," "Part 2," and so on,

the Items are pretty independent, and you should feel free to jump around, following the

many cross-references among the Items in the book, as well as some references to

Exceptional C++. The only guidance I'll offer is that the miniseries are designed to be read

consecutively as a group; other than that, the choice is yours.

5.4 Namespaces, Typename, References, and Other

Conventions

I make quite a few recommendations in this book, and I won't give you guidelines that tell

you to do something I don't already do myself. That includes what I do in my own example

code throughout this book. I'll also bow to existing practice and modern style, even when it

really makes no material difference.

On that note, a word about namespaces: In the code examples, if you see a using-directive

at file scope in one example and at function scope in another example a few pages or Items

later, there's no deeper reason than that's what felt right and aesthetically pleasing to me

for that particular case; for the rationale, turn to Item 40. In the narrative text itself, I've

chosen to qualify standard library names with std:: when I want to emphasize that it's the

standard facility I'm talking about. Once that's established, I'll generally switch back to using

the unqualified name.

When it comes to declaring template parameters, I sometimes come across people who

think that writing class instead of typename is old-fashioned, even though there's no

functional difference between the two and the standard itself uses class most everywhere.

Purely for style, and to emphasize that this book is about today's modern C++, I've

switched to using typename instead of class to declare template parameters. The only

exception is one place in Item 33, where I quote directly from the standard; the standard

says class, so I left it in there.

More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions

Unless I call something a "complete program," it's probably not. Remember that the code

examples are usually just snippets or partial programs and aren't expected to compile in

isolation. You'll usually have to provide some obvious scaffolding to make a complete

program out of the snippet shown.

Finally, a word about URLs: On the Web, stuff moves. In particular, stuff I have no control

over moves. That makes it a real pain to publish random Web URLs in a print book lest they

become out of date before the book makes it to the printer's, never mind after it's been

sitting on your desk for five years. When I reference other people's articles or Web sites in

this book, I do it via a URL on my own Web site, www.gotw.ca, which I can control and

which contains just a straight redirect to the real Web page. If you find that a link printed in

this book no longer works, send me e-mail and tell me; I'll update that redirector to point to

the new page's location (if I can find the page again) or to say that the page no longer exists

(if I can't). Either way, this book's URLs will stay up-to-date despite the rigors of print media

in an Internet world. Whew.

5.5 Acknowledgments

Many thanks to series editor Bjarne Stroustrup, and to Debbie Lafferty, Tyrrell Albaugh,

Chanda Leary-Coutu, Charles Leddy, Curt Johnson, and the rest of the Addison-Wesley team

for their assistance and persistence during this project. It's hard to imagine a better bunch

of people to work with, and their enthusiasm and cooperation has helped make this book

everything I'd hoped it would become.

One other group of people deserves thanks and credit, namely the many expert reviewers

who generously offered their insightful comments and savage criticisms exactly where they

were needed. Their efforts have made the text you hold in your hands that much more

complete, more readable, and more useful than it would otherwise have been. Special

thanks to (in the approximate order that I received their review comments) Scott Meyers,

Jan Christiaan van Winkel, Steve Dewhurst, Dennis Mancl, Jim Hyslop, Steve Clamage,

Kevlin Henney, Andrew Koenig, Patrick McKillen, as well as several anonymous reviewers.

The remaining errors, omissions, and shameless puns are mine, not theirs.

Finally, thanks most of all to my family and friends for always being there, during this

project and otherwise.

Herb Sutter

Toronto, June 2001

More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions

6. Generic Programming and the C++ Standard Library

One of C++'s most powerful features is its support for generic programming. This power is

reflected directly in the flexibility of the C++ standard library, especially in its containers,

iterators, and algorithms portion, originally known as the standard template library (STL).

This opening section focuses on how to make the best use of the C++ standard library,

particularly the STL. When and how can you make best use of std::vector and

std::deque? What pitfalls might you encounter when using std::map and std::set, and

how can you safely avoid them? Why doesn't std::remove() actually remove anything?

This section also highlights some useful techniques, as well as pitfalls, that occur when

writing generic code of your own, including code that's meant to work with and extend the

STL. What kinds of predicates are safe to use with the STL; what kinds aren't, and why?

What techniques are available for writing powerful generic template code that can change its

own behavior based on the capabilities of the types it's given to work with? How can you

switch easily between different kinds of input and output streams? How does template

specialization and overloading work? And what's with this funny typename keyword, anyway?

This and more, as we delve into topics related to generic programming and the C++

standard library.

6.1 Item 1. Switching Streams

Difficulty: 2

What's the best way to dynamically use different stream sources and targets, including the

standard console streams and files?

1. What are the types of std::cin and std::cout?

2. Write an ECHO program that simply echoes its input and that can be invoked

equivalently in the two following ways:

4. ECHO <infile >outfile

6. ECHO infile outfile

In most popular command-line environments, the first command assumes that the

program takes input from cin and sends output to cout. The second command tells

the program to take its input from the file named infile and to produce output in the

file named outfile. The program should be able to support all of the above

input/output options.

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